neoplasia

Question 1

cancer (general)

Answer 1

genetic defect, repeated mutations lead to new characteristics

Question 2

benign tumours

Answer 2

sharply bordered, stay local, well differentiation

Question 3

malignant tumours

Answer 3

infiltration in surrounding tissue, metastasis

Question 4

well-differentiated

Answer 4

cells look normal

Question 5

moderately or poorly differentiated

Answer 5

abnormal, but still resemble cells in the area

Question 6

un-differentiated

Answer 6

obviously not normal, cells dont resemble cells in the area

Question 7

teratoma

Answer 7

tumour derived from embryonic germ cells that differentiates after growth

Question 8

carcinoma

Answer 8

originating from epithelial cells

Question 9

sarcoma

Answer 9

originating from mesenchymal tissue

Question 10

leukaemia

Answer 10

originating from leukocytes

Question 11

lymphoma

Answer 11

originating from lymphoid tissue

Question 12

differentiation

Answer 12

degree of specialisation of a cell

Question 13

dysplasia

Answer 13

increased cell division, cells dont have time to differentiate

Question 14

anaplasia

Answer 14

growth of undifferentiated cells

Question 15

tumour growth

Answer 15

increased cell division or reduced death

Question 16

invasion and metastasis

Answer 16

when basement membrane of surrounding tissues are affected by the tumour

Question 17

carcinoma in situ

Answer 17

basement membrane is intact, surgical removal

Question 18

emboli

Answer 18

clumps of tumour cells and platelets

Question 19

angiogenesis

Answer 19

outgrow of extra blood vessels into tumour so it can grow

Question 20

melanoma

Answer 20

malignant due to high metastic activity and angiogenesis

Question 21

1st phase initiation

Answer 21

damage to DNA, more than one mutation is required

Question 22

2nd phase promotion

Answer 22

damaged cell is stimulated by growth inducing factors

Question 23

viral oncogenes

Answer 23

viruses in DNA which stimulate their own transcription

Question 24

oncogenes

Answer 24

often genes for growth factors or growth factor receptors

Question 25

stromal cells

Answer 25

produce growth factors and the responsive receptors

Question 26

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Answer 26

drugs to prevent growth factors to induce receptor signalling

Question 27

TP53

Answer 27

most abundant mutation, gene product stops cell division when DNA is damaged

Question 28

mitogen

Answer 28

a chemical substance that can induce a gene defect

Question 29

cytotoxic compound

Answer 29

a compound that can induce cell damage