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Microbiology BDS1 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

an abnormal mass of tissue

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2
Q

comment on the growth of neoplasms

A

uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues, growth persists after removal of the stimuli that initiated the change

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3
Q

what are the two class of neoplasia?

A

benign and malignant

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4
Q

what does histogenesis mean?

A

tissue of origin

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5
Q

what is the growth pattern for benign tumours?

A

expansion, may be encapsulated, localised

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6
Q

what is the growth pattern for malignant tumours?

A

invasion/infiltration, no capsule, metastasis

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7
Q

what is the growth rate for benign tumours?

A

slow

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8
Q

what is the growth rate for malignant tumours?

A

more rapid but variable

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9
Q

what is the histology of benign tumours?

A

resembles tissue of origin but with differentiation, uniform cell/nuclear shape and size, few mitoses

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10
Q

what is the histology of malignant tumours?

A

variable resemblance to tissue of origin, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, many mitoses, abnormal

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11
Q

what are the clinical effects of benign tumourd?

A

lump/pressure/obstruction depending on site and size, increased/decreased hormone secretion, treat by local excision

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12
Q

what are the clinical effects of malignant tumours?

A

local pressure, infiltration and destruction, increased/decreased secretion, local excision and chemotherapy or radiation if metastases present

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13
Q

what are the effects of benign tumours?

A

palpable lump, pressure, obstruction, function - hormone

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14
Q

what does the effect of benign tumours depend on?

A

site, size and tumour type

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15
Q

what is a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

benign salivary gland tumour

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16
Q

what is classification 1 of tumours?

A

clinical behaviour, benign vs malignant

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17
Q

what is classification 2 of tumours?

A

histogenesis

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18
Q

what is a benign tumour of the squamous epithelium called?

A

papilloma

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19
Q

what is a benign tumour of the glandular epithelium e.g. salivary called?

A

adenoma

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20
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the squamous epithelium called?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelium called?

A

adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

what word indicates that an epithelial tumour is malignant?

A

carcinoma

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23
Q

what type of tissue is the word carcinoma related to?

A

epithelium

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24
Q

what type of tissue is the word sarcoma related to?

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

what is a benign tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

leiomyoma

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26
Q

what is a benign tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

A

fibroma

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27
Q

what is a benign tumour of the bone tissue called?

A

osteoma

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28
Q

what is a benign tumour of the cartilage called?

A

chondroma

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29
Q

what is a benign tumour of the fatty tissues called?

A

lipoma

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30
Q

what is a benign tumour of the blood vessels called?

A

angioma

31
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

leiomyosarcoma

32
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

A

fibrosarcoma

33
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the bone called?

A

osteosarcoma

34
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the cartilage called?

A

chondrosarcoma

35
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the fat called?

A

liposarcoma

36
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the blood vessel called?

A

angiosarcoma

37
Q

what is a benign tumour of the melanocytes called?

A

naevus (mole)

38
Q

what is a benign tumour of the germ cells called?

A

benign teratoma

39
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the lymphoid tissues called?

A

lymphoma

40
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the haemopoietic tissues called?

A

leukaemia

41
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the melanocytes called?

A

melanoma

42
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the germ cells called?

A

malignant teratoma

43
Q

what are the two factors of carcinogenesis?

A

environmental and genetic

44
Q

what are the carcinogens for benign tumours?

A

may be inherited factors, viruses

45
Q

what are the carcinogens for malignant tumours?

A

chemical agents, physical agents, viruses

46
Q

what are the types of chemical carcinogens?

A

smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons including tars, diet, drugs, alcohol, asbestos

47
Q

what are the two stages of chemical carcinogenesis?

A

initiation and promotion

48
Q

what is initiation?

A

permanent DNA damage (mutations), when a carcinogen induces a genetic change resulting in a neoplastic potential

49
Q

what is promote

A

agent promotes proliferation, another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division

50
Q

what is a latent period?

A

time from promotion to clinical tumour

51
Q

what is progression?

A

additional mutations resulting in malignancy

52
Q

what stage of chemical carcinogenesis is irreversible

A

initiation and progression (if oncogenetic)

53
Q

what stage of chemical carcinogenesis is reversible?

A

promotion and progression (if genetic)

54
Q

what is included in physical carcinogenesis?

A

ionising radiation which damages DNA causing mutations, radioactive metals and gases. UV light (damage DNA, skin cancer)

55
Q

what tumours does radium cause?

A

bone and bone marrow

56
Q

what tissues are the most sensitive?

A

those where the cells are rapidly renewed (labile)

57
Q

what is the most sensitive tissue?

A

embryonic tissue

58
Q

what is the least sensitive tissue?

A

muscle and nerve tissue

59
Q

what is included in viral carcinogenesis?

A

DNA viruses and RNA viruses

60
Q

comment on DNA viruses and carcinogenesis

A

they are more common, viral DNA is inserted into host DNA

61
Q

how do RNA viruses work?

A

they are reverse transcribed and then inserted

62
Q

what viruses causes Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Epstein-Barr virus

63
Q

what viruses cause hepatocellular carcinomas?

A

hep B/C

64
Q

what virus causes cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma?

A

HPV

65
Q

what contributes to the aetiology of oral cancer?

A

tobacco (smoking or chewin), betel quid, alcohol, diet and nutrition, oral hygiene, viruses (HPV), immunodeficiency, socioeconomic factors, GORD

66
Q

what are potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa indicators of?

A

the risk of likely future malignancies occurring in oral mucosa

67
Q

what is leukoplakia?

A

white patch that cannot be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause, potentially malignant lesion

68
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormality confined to epithelium, underlying tissue is not affected

69
Q

what squamous tissues can dysplasia affect

A

oral and cervix

70
Q

give examples of glandular dysplasia

A

barrett’s oesophagus and colonic polyps

71
Q

what transitional tissue does dysplasia affect?

A

bladder

72
Q

what type of tissue has the potential to become malignant?

A

tissue that shows dysplasia

73
Q

how is dysplasia identified?

A

through changes in the cells appearance and arrangement

74
Q

what does cellular atypia mean?

A

changes in the cells appearance and arrangement

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

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