Neoplasia 1

Question 1

what is a neoplasm

Answer 1

an abnormal mass of tissue

Question 2

comment on the growth of neoplasms

Answer 2

uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues, growth persists after removal of the stimuli that initiated the change

Question 3

what are the two class of neoplasia?

Answer 3

benign and malignant

Question 4

what does histogenesis mean?

Answer 4

tissue of origin

Question 5

what is the growth pattern for benign tumours?

Answer 5

expansion, may be encapsulated, localised

Question 6

what is the growth pattern for malignant tumours?

Answer 6

invasion/infiltration, no capsule, metastasis

Question 7

what is the growth rate for benign tumours?

Answer 7

slow

Question 8

what is the growth rate for malignant tumours?

Answer 8

more rapid but variable

Question 9

what is the histology of benign tumours?

Answer 9

resembles tissue of origin but with differentiation, uniform cell/nuclear shape and size, few mitoses

Question 10

what is the histology of malignant tumours?

Answer 10

variable resemblance to tissue of origin, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, many mitoses, abnormal

Question 11

what are the clinical effects of benign tumourd?

Answer 11

lump/pressure/obstruction depending on site and size, increased/decreased hormone secretion, treat by local excision

Question 12

what are the clinical effects of malignant tumours?

Answer 12

local pressure, infiltration and destruction, increased/decreased secretion, local excision and chemotherapy or radiation if metastases present

Question 13

what are the effects of benign tumours?

Answer 13

palpable lump, pressure, obstruction, function - hormone

Question 14

what does the effect of benign tumours depend on?

Answer 14

site, size and tumour type

Question 15

what is a pleomorphic adenoma?

Answer 15

benign salivary gland tumour

Question 16

what is classification 1 of tumours?

Answer 16

clinical behaviour, benign vs malignant

Question 17

what is classification 2 of tumours?

Answer 17

histogenesis

Question 18

what is a benign tumour of the squamous epithelium called?

Answer 18

papilloma

Question 19

what is a benign tumour of the glandular epithelium e.g. salivary called?

Answer 19

adenoma

Question 20

what is a malignant tumour of the squamous epithelium called?

Answer 20

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 21

what is a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelium called?

Answer 21

adenocarcinoma

Question 22

what word indicates that an epithelial tumour is malignant?

Answer 22

carcinoma

Question 23

what type of tissue is the word carcinoma related to?

Answer 23

epithelium

Question 24

what type of tissue is the word sarcoma related to?

Answer 24

connective tissue

Question 25

what is a benign tumour of the smooth muscle called?

Answer 25

leiomyoma

Question 26

what is a benign tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

Answer 26

fibroma

Question 27

what is a benign tumour of the bone tissue called?

Answer 27

osteoma

Question 28

what is a benign tumour of the cartilage called?

Answer 28

chondroma

Question 29

what is a benign tumour of the fatty tissues called?

Answer 29

lipoma

Question 30

what is a benign tumour of the blood vessels called?

Answer 30

angioma

Question 31

what is a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle called?

Answer 31

leiomyosarcoma

Question 32

what is a malignant tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

Answer 32

fibrosarcoma

Question 33

what is a malignant tumour of the bone called?

Answer 33

osteosarcoma

Question 34

what is a malignant tumour of the cartilage called?

Answer 34

chondrosarcoma

Question 35

what is a malignant tumour of the fat called?

Answer 35

liposarcoma

Question 36

what is a malignant tumour of the blood vessel called?

Answer 36

angiosarcoma

Question 37

what is a benign tumour of the melanocytes called?

Answer 37

naevus (mole)

Question 38

what is a benign tumour of the germ cells called?

Answer 38

benign teratoma

Question 39

what is a malignant tumour of the lymphoid tissues called?

Answer 39

lymphoma

Question 40

what is a malignant tumour of the haemopoietic tissues called?

Answer 40

leukaemia

Question 41

what is a malignant tumour of the melanocytes called?

Answer 41

melanoma

Question 42

what is a malignant tumour of the germ cells called?

Answer 42

malignant teratoma

Question 43

what are the two factors of carcinogenesis?

Answer 43

environmental and genetic

Question 44

what are the carcinogens for benign tumours?

Answer 44

may be inherited factors, viruses

Question 45

what are the carcinogens for malignant tumours?

Answer 45

chemical agents, physical agents, viruses

Question 46

what are the types of chemical carcinogens?

Answer 46

smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons including tars, diet, drugs, alcohol, asbestos

Question 47

what are the two stages of chemical carcinogenesis?

Answer 47

initiation and promotion

Question 48

what is initiation?

Answer 48

permanent DNA damage (mutations), when a carcinogen induces a genetic change resulting in a neoplastic potential

Question 49

what is promote

Answer 49

agent promotes proliferation, another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division

Question 50

what is a latent period?

Answer 50

time from promotion to clinical tumour

Question 51

what is progression?

Answer 51

additional mutations resulting in malignancy

Question 52

what stage of chemical carcinogenesis is irreversible

Answer 52

initiation and progression (if oncogenetic)

Question 53

what stage of chemical carcinogenesis is reversible?

Answer 53

promotion and progression (if genetic)

Question 54

what is included in physical carcinogenesis?

Answer 54

ionising radiation which damages DNA causing mutations, radioactive metals and gases. UV light (damage DNA, skin cancer)

Question 55

what tumours does radium cause?

Answer 55

bone and bone marrow

Question 56

what tissues are the most sensitive?

Answer 56

those where the cells are rapidly renewed (labile)

Question 57

what is the most sensitive tissue?

Answer 57

embryonic tissue

Question 58

what is the least sensitive tissue?

Answer 58

muscle and nerve tissue

Question 59

what is included in viral carcinogenesis?

Answer 59

DNA viruses and RNA viruses

Question 60

comment on DNA viruses and carcinogenesis

Answer 60

they are more common, viral DNA is inserted into host DNA

Question 61

how do RNA viruses work?

Answer 61

they are reverse transcribed and then inserted

Question 62

what viruses causes Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 62

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 63

what viruses cause hepatocellular carcinomas?

Answer 63

hep B/C

Question 64

what virus causes cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 64

HPV

Question 65

what contributes to the aetiology of oral cancer?

Answer 65

tobacco (smoking or chewin), betel quid, alcohol, diet and nutrition, oral hygiene, viruses (HPV), immunodeficiency, socioeconomic factors, GORD

Question 66

what are potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa indicators of?

Answer 66

the risk of likely future malignancies occurring in oral mucosa

Question 67

what is leukoplakia?

Answer 67

white patch that cannot be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause, potentially malignant lesion

Question 68

what is dysplasia?

Answer 68

abnormality confined to epithelium, underlying tissue is not affected

Question 69

what squamous tissues can dysplasia affect

Answer 69

oral and cervix

Question 70

give examples of glandular dysplasia

Answer 70

barrett's oesophagus and colonic polyps

Question 71

what transitional tissue does dysplasia affect?

Answer 71

bladder

Question 72

what type of tissue has the potential to become malignant?

Answer 72

tissue that shows dysplasia

Question 73

how is dysplasia identified?

Answer 73

through changes in the cells appearance and arrangement

Question 74

what does cellular atypia mean?

Answer 74

changes in the cells appearance and arrangement