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Microbiology BDS1 > Defence Cells > Flashcards

Defence Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is periodontitis?

A

destruction of soft and hard tissues which support the teeth

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2
Q

what microbial dysbiosis?

A

the build up of dental plaque

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3
Q

what type of inflammatory disease is periodontitis?

A

chronic inflammation

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4
Q

what increases as oral cavity moves from health to aggressive periodontits?

A

immune and inflammatory cells in the periodontium

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5
Q

name the innate cell subsets

A

monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells

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6
Q

what is the relationship between monocytes and macrophages?

A

in the blood they circulate as MONOCYTES but once they migrate into tissues they differentiate into MACROPHAGES

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7
Q

what are monocytes/macrophages

A

early responders to infection or tissue damage

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8
Q

what do monocytes/macrophages do?

A

phagocytose and present antigen

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9
Q

what are mast cells?

A

granulocytes, early responders to infection or tissue damage

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10
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues

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11
Q

what is the immune response role of mast cells?

A

protect against pathogens and are best known for role in allergy

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12
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

phagocytic granulocytes and the MOST IMPORTANT cells in innate immune responses

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13
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

circulate in blood and move into tissue when required

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14
Q

what are basophils and eosinophils?

A

granulocytes

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15
Q

what do basophils and eosinophils do?

A

play a major role in defence against parasites as larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats, they also contribute to allergy

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16
Q

what are granules?

A

degradative enzymes and antimicrobials

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17
Q

collectively, what are neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils known as?

A

myeloid cells

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18
Q

what are defence cells derived from?

A

common precursoe in bone marrow?

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19
Q

what do all the defence cells do?

A

differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid cells

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20
Q

what are dendritic cells derived from?

A

myeloid and lymphoid lineage

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21
Q

give an example of a dendritic cell

A

langerhans cell

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22
Q

what is the main role of dendritic cells?

A

antigen presentation

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23
Q

what do dendritic cells do?

A

move from tissues to lymph nodes passing on information and activate T cells and B cells

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24
Q

what do immature dendritic cells do?

A

take up and process antigen in the epidermis and then migrate to lymph nodes while differentiating along the way

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25
Q

what do mature dendritic cells do?

A

prime naive T cells and can transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node

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26
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

large cells with granules

27
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

recognise and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells

28
Q

what are natural killer cells important for?

A

holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

29
Q

what are innate lymphoid cells?

A

non-cytotoxic members of the natural killer cell famile

30
Q

what is the origin of innate lymphoid cells?

A

lymphoid

31
Q

what do innate lymphoid cells do?

A

link innate and adaptive immune immunity and produce effectors (cytokines) similar to T cell subsets

32
Q

where are T cells derived from and where do they mature?

A

they are derived from the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

33
Q

where are T cells?

A

they circulate in the blood and the lymph and are found in large numbers in lymphoid organs

34
Q

what do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

35
Q

what do T cells do?

A

protect against intracellular microbes and help B cell responses

36
Q

what is T cell repertoire?

A

T cell receptors can respond to numerous antigens

37
Q

why are there T cell checkpoints?

A

to ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens and not self peptides

38
Q

what do T helper cells (CD4+) do?

A

help support other immune cells to fight threats

39
Q

what do cytotoxic (CD8+) cells do?

A

destroy our own cells which have become infected

40
Q

what do regulatory T cells (Tregs) do?

A

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

41
Q

what are the 3 different types of T cells?

A

T helper cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and regulatory T cells (Tregs)

42
Q

how do CD8+ (cytotoxic) cells breakdown self infected cells?

A

it produces granzymes and perforins. the perforins form pores in the plasma membrane and the granzymes enter the cell and break down the proteins which lyses the cell

43
Q

how many signals are required to activate T cells?

A

3

44
Q

what are the CD4+ T cells (subsets) ?

A

TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH and Treg cells

45
Q

what do TH1 cells do?

A

support macrophages to destroy intracellular microbes

46
Q

what do TH2 cells do?

A

produce cytokines which recruit and activate mast cells, eosinophils and promote barrier immunity at mucosal surfaces

47
Q

what do TH17 cells do?

A

secrete IL-17 family cytokines that induce local non-professional immune cells to release cytokines and chemokines

48
Q

what do TFH cells do?

A

induce specific B cell responses (promote opsonising antibody response)

49
Q

what happens when a naive T cell encounters a presented antigen?

A

it undergoes expansion and differentiation into effector cells of which some become memory T cells

50
Q

what do B cells do?

A

communicate with T cells and produce antibodies

51
Q

what does clonal expansion lead to?

A

generation of two subsets

52
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

produce antibodies

53
Q

why are memory B cells important?

A

they mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

54
Q

what induces B cell proliferation?

A

interaction between T cell and B cell cytokine signals released from T helper cell

55
Q

what does B cell proliferation do?

A

generates s pool of plasma cells which produce antibody and generates memory B cells

56
Q

what does plasma cells produce?

A

initially IgM but later switches to IgG

57
Q

name the phagocytic immune cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

58
Q

name the antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

59
Q

what cells fight parasite infection?

A

eosinophils and basophils

60
Q

what cells are involved in allergic responses?

A

basophils and mast cells

61
Q

what cells are innate and adaptive inbetweeners?

A

dendritic cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells

62
Q

what are the cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

T and B lymphocytes

63
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antibodies

64
Q

what is the overall function of T cells?

A

to direct and control the magnitude of immune reactions

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

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