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Microbiology BDS1 > Innate Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non-specific, no lasting memory, first line of defence against the oral microbiota

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2
Q

what are the stages of innate immunity immediately after infection?

A

recognition by performed, non-specific and broadly specific effectors - removal of infectious agent

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3
Q

what are the stages of early induced innate response after infection?

A

recruitment of effector cells - recognition of PAMPs, activation of effector cells and inflammation - removal of infectious agent

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4
Q

what are the 5 groups of disease causing agents?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths

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5
Q

what do disease symptoms depend on?

A

where the pathogen replicates and the damage it causes

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6
Q

when is the innate immune response effective?

A

with regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

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7
Q

what cells contribute to innate immune response?

A

epithelial/endothelial cells + fibroblasts

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8
Q

how does epithelium contribute to innate immunity?

A

it is a physical barrier and produces antimicrobial peptides, cytokines and chemokines

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9
Q

what are the innate cell subsets and complement?

A

phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils) and antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

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10
Q

what is the function of chemokines?

A

cell recruitment

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11
Q

what is the function of cytokines?

A

cell activation/proliferation

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12
Q

what are the different main components of innate immunity?

A

epithelium, innate cell subsets and complement, chemokines/cytokines

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13
Q

what is produced by the epithelium in the oral cavity?

A

antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulins (secretory IgA), lactoferrin, lysozyme and cystatins

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14
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do?

A

attach and disrupt membranes

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15
Q

when are antimicrobial peptides effective?

A

in low concentrations

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16
Q

what are the major families of the antimicrobial peptides?

A

beta-defensins, human neutrophil peptides, cathelicidins, psoriasin proteins

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17
Q

what are the two different functions of antimicrobial peptides?

A

directly kill microbes and modulate host immunity

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18
Q

how do antimicrobial peptides directly kill microbes?

A

there is an electrostatic interaction between the two cells, the AMP ruptures the membrane OR inhibits intracellular function both causing bacterial lysis

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19
Q

what are the different ways in which AMPs modulate host immunity?

A

recruit or activate immunocytes, neutralise bacterial products to suppress inflammation, enhance nucleic acid recognition to promote auto-inflammation

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20
Q

where is secretory IgA produced?

A

at mucosal surfaces

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21
Q

what does secretory IgA do when binded to a flagella?

A

prevents motility

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22
Q

what does secretory IgA do when it is binded to a bacterial toxin?

A

it neutralises it

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23
Q

how does secretory IgA prevent effects of microbes on mucosa?

A

it cross links target macromolecules and bacteria and prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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24
Q

what is lactoferrin and what does it do?

A

glycoprotein that transports iron ions but has antimicrobial activity

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25
Q

where is lactoferrin present and what is it produced by?

A

present in saliva and produced by neutrophils

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26
Q

where are lysozymes present and what are they produced by?

A

present in saliva and produced by macrophages/neutrophils

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27
Q

what do lysozymes target?

A

cell walls of bacteria

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28
Q

what is the function of cystatins?

A

they have anti-protease activity and support re-mineralisation of the teeth

29
Q

what are the salivary components that have antimicrobial activity?

A

AMPs, secretory IgA, lactoferrin and antimicrobial activity

30
Q

what do cell surface TLRs recognise?

A

different compounds of bacterial or fungal cell wall/membrane

31
Q

what do intracellular TLRs recognise?

A

internalised viruses

32
Q

what are the two main TLRs to remember?

A

TLR2 and TLR4

33
Q

what are the main type of microbial receptors?

A

toll-like receptors

34
Q

what is the function of toll-like receptors?

A

primarily for bacterial and viral recognition

35
Q

apart from TLRs what other receptors are there?

A

dectin and glucan receptors, NOD-like receptors, protease-activated receptors

36
Q

what do dectin and glucan receptors recognise?

A

fungus

37
Q

what do NOD-like receptors recognise?

A

bacteria

38
Q

what do protease-activated receptors recognise?

A

microbial and allergen recognition

39
Q

what are the main roles for receptors?

A

promote phagocytosis of microbes and activation of immune cells

40
Q

overall what are microbial receptors?

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

41
Q

what do cellular mechanisms include?

A

both the epithelium as well as the innate immune cells that patrol the epithelium

42
Q

what can cytokines do?

A

instruct all immune cells what to do

43
Q

what are cytokines?

A

small proteins which are signalling molecules which co-ordinate immune responses

44
Q

what are the different cytokine families?

A

interleukins, TNFs, interferons and unassigned

45
Q

what are interleukins?

A

a class of cytokines

46
Q

how are interleukins divided up into group?

A

it depends on the functions of each family member as some are pro-inflammatory and some anti-inflammatory

47
Q

what are the 3 main functions of cytokines?

A

autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

48
Q

what is the autocrine function of cytokines?

A

alter behaviour of cell from which they were secreted from

49
Q

what is the paracrine function of cytokines?

A

alter behaviour of neighbouring cells

50
Q

what is the endocrine function of cytokines?

A

enter circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells

51
Q

where are the cytokine receptors?

A

on the target cells

52
Q

what does cytokine binding induce?

A

a conformational change in a majority of receptors intracellularly

53
Q

what does signal transduction lead to?

A

the activation of transcription factors that leads to control of gene regulation

54
Q

overall what do cytokines and chemokines do?

A

shapes type of immune response

55
Q

overall what do antimicrobials do

A

protection against invading organisms

56
Q

overall what do growth factors do?

A

tissue remodelling and repair

57
Q

overall what are receptors responsible for?

A

differentiation and proliferation

58
Q

what are chemokines?

A

small signalling proteins

59
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

60
Q

what are chemokines involved in?

A

recruitment (directing)

61
Q

what is the difference between chemokines and cytokines?

A

chemokines tell cells where to go and cytokines tell cells what to do

62
Q

what are the 4 classes of chemokines?

A

C (2 members), CC (31 members), CXC (18 members) , CX3C (1 member)

63
Q

what are the 4 classes of chemokines dependent on?

A

their first 2 cysteine residues

64
Q

where are chemokine receptors?

A

on a range of innate and adaptive immune cells

65
Q

what is the main chemokine to play a role at the oral mucosa?

A

CXCL8

66
Q

what are pathological features of a certain disease dependent on?

A

over or under reaction of the immune system

67
Q

what compounds does the oral mucosa produce to prevent infection?

A

AMPs, Secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme and cystatins

68
Q

overall what are Pattern Recognition Receptors?

A

a variety of receptors that recognise unique features of microbes

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

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