Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology BDS1 > Adaptive Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the adaptive immune response consist of?

A

cell-mediated responses and antibody (humoral) responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do T cells do in adaptive immunity?

A

drive cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what cells does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do B cells do in adaptive immunity?

A

produce antibodies and drive humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a key feature of the adaptive immune system?

A

immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

each pathogen is remembered by a signature T cell and/or B cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the stages of adaptive immunity after infection?

A

transport of antigen to lymphoid organs, recognition by naive B and T cells, clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells, removal of infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the threshold level of antigen?

A

amount of a pathogen present to mediate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is the threshold level of antigen important?

A

the immune system does not need to mediate adaptive immunity if only a small amount of antigen is present as the innate immune system can clear the threat without the help of adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three main receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (immunoglobulins), major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do multiple genes encoding allow?

A

the development of a repertoire of receptors with wide specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the difference between innate and adaptive receptors?

A

innate receptors (TLRs) DON’T have potential to rearrange and change shape to recognise different antigens whereas adaptive receptors CAN rearrange structure depending on gene expression of each protein subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are T cells derived from?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do T cells recognise peptides?

A

through the T cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does T cell repertoire mean?

A

diversity in TCR (can respond to numerous antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is thymic education?

A

checkpoints that are in place to ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens and not self peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do T helper cells (CD4+) do?

A

function to hep support other immune cells to fight threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do cytotoxic cells (CD8+) do?

A

destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually virus-related)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do regulatory T cells (Tregs) do?

A

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do all T cells start as?

A

naive T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 types of T cell that naive T cells differentiate into?

A

T helper cells, cytotoxic cells, regulatory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are Tregs essential in?

A

trying to balance the homeostasis between pro- and anti- inflammatory responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is CD8?

A

a co-receptor that binds to MHC I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is CD4?

A

a co-receptor that binds to MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is CD3?

A

a co-receptor involved in activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is MHC I usually expressed by?

A

virally infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is MHC II found on?

A

just found on antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the different chains found on T cell receptors?

A

alpha and beta chains but a small portion express gamma and delta chains instead

31
Q

what are the two regions of the alpha and beta chains?

A

constant and variable

32
Q

what are the three genes that encode the variable region of alpha and beta chains of T cell receptors?

A

V (variable), D (diversity) and J (joining)

33
Q

what is the alpha chain of T cell receptors encoded by?

A

two gene segments - V and J

34
Q

what is the beta chain of T cell receptors encoded by?

A

three segments - V, D and J

35
Q

how are genes rearranged?

A

by somatic recombination

36
Q

what is somatic recombination driven by?

A

RAG (recombinase) enzymes

37
Q

what does recombination lead to?

A

different receptor structures that can recognise different antigens

38
Q

what are pre-thymic T cells?

A

undifferentiated lymphocytes

39
Q

what are the two different types of selection?

A

positive and negative selection

40
Q

what type of cells do T cells interact with in the thymus?

A

cortical epithelial cells

41
Q

what is positive selection?

A

no recognition

42
Q

what is negative selection?

A

recognition of self antigen

43
Q

where are receptors rearranged?

A

in the thymus

44
Q

where do positively and negatively selected CD4/CD8+ T cells with rearranged T cell receptors go once they leave the thymus?

A

they circulate in blood/lymphatics and some reside in the lymph nodes waiting for interactions with dendritic cells

45
Q

what happens if you fail positive and negative selection?

A

apoptosis

46
Q

where do immature dendritic cells take up and process antigens?

A

in the epidermis

47
Q

what happens once immature dendritic cells take up and process antigens?

A

they migrate to lymph nodes and mature en route

48
Q

what do mature dendritic cells have and do?

A

they have co-stimulatory activity and can prime naive T cells, they can also transfer antigen to dendritic cells resident in the lymph node

49
Q

what is required for activation and determining fate of T cells?

A

three signals

50
Q

what are the three signals needed to prime T cells?

A

1 - activation of T cells (MHC-TCR interactions) 2 - survival and clonal expansion of T cells, 3 - differentiation into subsets of effector T cells (specifically for CD4+ helper T cells)

51
Q

for CD8+ what does the third signal lead to?

A

effector function e.g. production of enzymes for degradation

52
Q

what enzymes induce target-cell apoptosis cooperatively?

A

perforin and granzyme

53
Q

what are the different subsets of the CD4+ T cell

A

TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH, Tregs

54
Q

what is TH1 found in

A

macrophage

55
Q

what is TH2 found in

A

allergic responses/plasma cell generation

56
Q

what is TH17 found in

A

epithelium and underlying tissue cell types

57
Q

where is TFH found?

A

in lymph nodes and is important for B cell antibody generation

58
Q

what do Tregs do?

A

control/dampen the immune response

59
Q

what is the main function of TH1 cells?

A

supporting macrophage function

60
Q

what is the main role of TH2 cells?

A

supporting humoral responses and allergic reactions

61
Q

what is TH2 the source of?

A

interleukin 4,5 and 6 which instruct B cells to produce antibodies

62
Q

what is TH1 the source of?

A

interferon-y

63
Q

what is the main role of TH17?

A

supporting innate immune responses and enhances clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi

64
Q

what does TH17 produce?

A

interleukin-17 and 22

65
Q

what does IL17 stimulate?

A

epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides

66
Q

what do Treg cells release?

A

inhibitory cytokines

67
Q

what do Treg cells inhibit?

A

T cell activation and dendritic cell activation

68
Q

how are CD8+ T cells activated?

A

from interactions between MHC I and TCR

69
Q

what do CD8+ T cells do?

A

induce host cells to undergo apoptosis and produce enzymes such as granzyme/perforin

70
Q

what does perforin do?

A

penetrate infected cells and target apoptotic signalling pathways

71
Q

what does T cell priming result in?

A

generation of memory T cells

72
Q

what is signal 3 of T cell priming?

A

cytokines drives differentiation of CD4+ T helper subsets

73
Q

what does granzyme do?

A

induce apoptosis

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions