Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
what is pathology?
the study of the causes and effects of diseases
what does aetiology mean?
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
what does pathogenesis mean?
progressive changes as disease develops
what does sequalae mean?
what happens next
how is anaemia related to the oral cavity?
burning red tongue, inflammation of gum tissues
how is diabetes related to the oral cavity?
dry mouth, bad breath, burning tongue, inflammation and tooth decay
how is anorexia nervosa and bulimia related to the oral cavity?
erosion of tooth enamel, fillings raised above eroded surface, sensitive teeth, enlargement of the parotid glands and sweet breath aroma
how is kidney failure related to the oral cavity?
retarded tooth development in children, dry mouth, odour, metallic taste and ulcers on the tongue and gums
how is HIV related to the oral cavity?
sores, thrush, non-removable white areas on the side of the tongue
how is heart disease related to the oral cavity?
pain radiating to the jaw caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle
what does the lymphatic system do?
transport clean fluids back to the blood, drains excess fluids from tissues, removes debris from cells of body transports fats from digestive system
what is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
innate immunity is the first line of defence whilst adaptive immunity is specific and acquired
what are the three main parts of innate immunity?
epithelium, innate cell subsets and complement, chemokines and cytokines
what does epithelium do in innate immunity?
it is a physical barrier, produces antimicrobial peptides and cytokines/chemokines
what are the innate cell subsets in innate immunity?
phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils) and antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)
what do chemokines do?
cell recruitment
what do cytokines do?
cell activation/proliferation
what cells are involved in adaptive immunity?
B cells and T cells
what do B cells do?
produce antibodies
what do T cells do?
cell-cell communication
describe innate immunity?
regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease
when does innate immunity take place in the immune response?
1-3 days
describe adaptive immunity?
repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response
when does adaptive immunity take place in immune response?
4-10 days
what does inflammatory reaction aim to eliminate?
invading microorganisms, particulate materials, altered self cells and transformed malignant cells
what are the 5 stages of inflammation?
initiation - progression - amplification - resolution - failure to resolve
what is initiation?
response to harmful agents
what is progression?
containment of harmful agents
what is amplification?
modulation of immune responses
what is resolution?
healing (for acute inflammation)
what happens if inflammation fails to resolve?
it progresses to chronic inflammation
what is acute inflammation?
appropriate response for threat, resolution when no longer required
what is chronic resolution?
unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage
what can inappropriate immune response cause?
pathologies
