Microbes in Oral Health & Disease

Question 1

what happens when the symbiotic relationship moves in the parasitic direction?

Answer 1

the infectious disease process begins

Question 2

what happens when the symbiotic relationship moves in the mutualism direction?

Answer 2

reestablishment of a healthy host occurs

Question 3

what are the pros of disease balance?

Answer 3

immune system, vaccines, antimicrobial agents

Question 4

what are the cons of disease balance?

Answer 4

immuno-suppression, virulence factors, resistance

Question 5

what is the consequence of wiping out commensals from the oral cavity?

Answer 5

it can give secondary thrush questions

Question 6

why is there not a massive amount of inflammatory response in the mouth?

Answer 6

we have grown intolerant to the microorganisms

Question 7

what does ubiquitous mean?

Answer 7

multiple environments

Question 8

what does diverse mean?

Answer 8

variety of shapes, sizes or characteristics

Question 9

what does adaptable mean?

Answer 9

can evolve quickly

Question 10

what are the steps of the life cycle of a parasite?

Answer 10

enters/attaches to host - consolidation/multiplication in host - causes harm - release from host - dissemination and transmission

Question 11

what is the function of the flagella?

Answer 11

motility

Question 12

what is the function of the pili/fimbriae?

Answer 12

adhesion

Question 13

what is the function of extrapolymeric material?

Answer 13

colonisation

Question 14

what are the function of enzymes/toxins in microbes?

Answer 14

invasion

Question 15

what causes spread?

Answer 15

immune evasion

Question 16

what are the virulence factors?

Answer 16

motility, adhesion, colonisation, invasion and spread

Question 17

what are the contributors to oral health?

Answer 17

integrity of oral mucosa, lymphoid tissue, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and humoral and cellular immunity

Question 18

what is plaque?

Answer 18

tightly compacted organisms

Question 19

what do commensals produce?

Answer 19

lots of toxins, acid and sulphur compounds

Question 20

what are the different bacterial species present in the oral cavity?

Answer 20

aerobes, facultative, obligate

Question 21

what are the different bacteria associated with dental caries?

Answer 21

streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus species, actinomyces species

Question 22

what happens if streptococcus mutans is fed sucrose?

Answer 22

it produces sticky things that helps it stick to the tooth and produces acid which dissolves the tooth

Question 23

what are the 4 contributing factors to caries?

Answer 23

plaque microorganisms, sugar, time and teeth

Question 24

what is periodontal disease

Answer 24

disorders of the supporting structures of the teeth - gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

Question 25

what is gingivitis?

Answer 25

inflammation of the gingiva

Question 26

what is periodontitis?

Answer 26

inflammation of the periodontal ligament

Question 27

what is marginal gingivitis?

Answer 27

gingivitis that is around the gingival margin

Question 28

what is hyperplastic gingivitis?

Answer 28

gingivitis that persists for a long period and is characterised by the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue causing enlarged firm gums

Question 29

how does hyperplastic gingivitis occur?

Answer 29

due to an overactive immune response to a pathogen

Question 30

what is advanced periodontal disease?

Answer 30

detachment of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone loss and eventual tooth loss

Question 31

what are the signs of a purulent infection?

Answer 31

abscesses, pus forming, intra/extra oral swelling

Question 32

how can periapical infections occur?

Answer 32

the infection enters the periapical area via a carious cavity or traumatised crown

Question 33

what is extra-oral swelling due to?

Answer 33

infections with the lower central incisors

Question 34

what is haematogenous spread?

Answer 34

dissemination of bacteria from the gingival margin to the cardiovascular system and prosthetic joints which may cause toxic shock

Question 35

why are cancer patients more susceptible to yeast infections?

Answer 35

they are immunocompromised

Question 36

what does it mean if something is hyperplastic?

Answer 36

it is pre-malignant

Question 37

what is candidal leukoplakia?

Answer 37

adherent, often speckled, pre-malignant

Question 38

who is more likely to get candidal leukoplakia?

Answer 38

usually smokers

Question 39

why can candidal leukoplakia not be removed?

Answer 39

it grows into the cells so a biopsy needs to be taken instead

Question 40

what bacteria causes angular chelitis?

Answer 40

staphylococcus aureus

Question 41

what causes denture stomatitis?

Answer 41

build up of microbes if denture wearers do not take dentures out at night or clean them frequently