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Microbiology BDS1 > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are cytokines?

A

small proteins that act as signalling molecules to co-ordinate immune responses

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2
Q

what are chemokines?

A

small proteins that are involved in directing cells to the site of infection

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3
Q

give an example of a cell that is both chemokine and cytokine

A

IL-8 / CXCL8

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4
Q

what is the most abundant cell type at the oral mucosa?

A

neutrophils

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5
Q

what do neutrophils do during inflammation?

A

they increase in number and they are attracted along a CXCL8 gradient to the site of inflammation

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6
Q

what do cell adhesion molecules do?

A

control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells

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7
Q

what are the three main families of cell adhesion molecules?

A

selectins, integrins and immunoglobulin superfamily

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8
Q

what do cell adhesion molecules promote and what are they important for?

A

promote cell-cell interactions and are important for immune trafficking

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9
Q

what are endothelial cells?

A

cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

where are selectins and immunoglobins found?

A

on endothelial cells

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11
Q

where are integrins found?

A

on migrating immune cells

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12
Q

what is the primary funciton of neutrophils?

A

to engulf and destroy invading pathogens

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13
Q

what do granules contain?

A

degradative enzymes and antimicrobial substances

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14
Q

what is degranulation?

A

when the granules are released upon activation of receptors

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15
Q

what happens when neutrophils are activated?

A

it induces them to release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix which TRAPS PATHOGENS

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16
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

circulate in the blood as precursors to macrophages

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17
Q

what is the primary function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis as well as presentation of antigen to adaptive immune cells

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18
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

degranulation

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19
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells?

A

present antigen to T cells

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20
Q

what cells contain granules?

A

mast cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils

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21
Q

what are granules?

A

vesicles containing preformed mediators

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22
Q

what preformed mediators are contained within granules?

A

proteinases, antimicrobials, chemical mediators

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23
Q

what are the preformed mediators in the granules in response to?

A

MAMPs (e.g. microbial antigens), complement proteins, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators

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24
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

degradation and removal of pathogenic threat, antigen presentation, safe break down and disposal of apoptotic cells

25
Q

what are the 2 types of antigen presenting cells?

A

non-professional and professional

26
Q

give an example of a non-professional APC

A

epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells

27
Q

give an example of professional APCs

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

28
Q

what is the first step of phagocytosis?

A

CHEMOTAXIS and adherence of microbe to phagocyte

29
Q

what is the second step of phagocytosis?

A

INGESTION of microbe by phagocyte

30
Q

what is the third step of phagocytosis?

A

FORMATION of a phagosome

31
Q

what is the fourth step of phagocytosis?

A

FUSION of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome

32
Q

what is the fifth step of phagocytosis?

A

DIGESTION of ingested microbe by enzymes

33
Q

what is the sixth step of phagocytosis?

A

formation of RESIDUAL BODY containing indigestible material

34
Q

what is the seventh step of phagocytosis?

A

DISCHARGE of waste materials

35
Q

what happens to the degraded waste material in non-APCs

A

released and sometimes picked up by APCs

36
Q

what happens to the degraded waste material in APCs?

A

it is processed for antigen presentation

37
Q

what is the first step of antigen presentation?

A

a pathogen or extracellular antigen s phagocytised by an APC and placed into a vesicle. Ingested pathogens are digested by lysosomes to extract their antigens

38
Q

what is the second step of antigen presentation?

A

the antigens bind with MHC proteins that enter the vesicle

39
Q

what is an MHC protein?

A

major histocompatibility complex

40
Q

what is the third step of antigen presentation?

A

the MHC proteins, now carrying antigens, are released from the vesicle and travel to the outer surface of the cell membrane

41
Q

what is the fourth step of antigen presentation?

A

the APC cell is now presenting antigens which will activate T cells that bind with the MHC proteins

42
Q

what are the 4 enzymatic cascade systems of plasma factors?

A

complement, kinins, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic system

43
Q

what do the 4 enzymatic cascades produce?

A

inflammatory mediators

44
Q

what is complement?

A

a collection of soluble proteins present in circulation

45
Q

what does complement do?

A

drives inflammation or opsonisation

46
Q

what is opsonisaion?

A

the coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

47
Q

what are the 3 pathways of complement?

A

classical, alternative and lectin

48
Q

what is the initiating factor of the classical pathway of complement?

A

antibody attached to microbe

49
Q

what is the initiating factor of the alternative pathway of complement?

A

microbial cell wall

50
Q

what is the initiating factor of the lectin pathway of complement?

A

carbohydrates on pathogen surface

51
Q

what do anaphylatoxins lead to?

A

smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage - allowing increased infiltration of immune cells to site of infection

52
Q

what do all the complement pathways lead to?

A

the formation of C3 and C5 convertase enzymes

53
Q

what are the steps of complement?

A

binding of complement proteins to microbial cell surface or antibody - formation of C3 convertase - cleavage of C3 - formation of C5 convertase

54
Q

what do C3 and C5 convertase enzymes do?

A

degrade C3 or C5 proteins

55
Q

what are anaphylatoxins?

A

glycoproteins such as complement components C3, C4 and C5 (and their fragments) that drive immune response

56
Q

what do anaphylatoxins do?

A

promote immune cell recruitment, increase adhesion of cells to vessel walls, induces granulation, promotes cytokine production, induces antigen presentation and regulates adaptive immune responses

57
Q

how to neutrophils, monocytes and other immune cells migrate to site of infection?

A

via cell surface receptors on endothelial cells (selectins, integrins and immunoglobulin superfamily)

58
Q

what are the three main process involved in innate immunity?

A

degranulation, phagocytosis and antigen presentation

59
Q

why is complement important?

A

for innate and adaptive immune responses

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

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