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Microbiology BDS1 > Growth Disorders > Flashcards

Growth Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the development disorders of too little growth?

A

agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia

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2
Q

what is ageneis?

A

an organ does not develop at all (genetic defect/mechanical cause)

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3
Q

what is aplasia?

A

an organ fails to develop normal structure from primitive embryonic structure

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4
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

less tissue formed, normal structure

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5
Q

what would salivary gland agenesis be?

A

all salivary glands missing

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6
Q

what would aplasia be?

A

only one gland missing e.g. parotid glands

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7
Q

what is a hamartoma?

A

tumour-like growth that only grows in patient’s growth period but excessively

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8
Q

give examples of hamartomas

A

pigmented naevi (moles), haemangioma, lymphangioma

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9
Q

what are the different types of haemangioma?

A

present at birth, vascular malformation (occurs later in life), Sturge Weber syndrome (half of face is red)

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10
Q

what is a lymphangioma?

A

mostly cavernous, tongue, cystic hygroma

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11
Q

what is a naevus?

A

mole

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12
Q

what is ectopia?

A

normal tissue in an abnormal site

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13
Q

give an example of a developmental disorder in the wrong place and state what it is

A

Mickel’s diverticulum - an outpouching of the small intestine. Can contain gastric type mucosa

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14
Q

give an example of an oral ectopia

A

an ectopic tooth - normal tooth but in the wrong position

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15
Q

what are the acquired growth disorders?

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

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16
Q

what is atrohy?

A

reduction in size and number of cells

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17
Q

what are the two types of atrophy?

A

physiological and pathological

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18
Q

what is physiological atrophy?

A

normal growth and development under hormonal influence

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19
Q

what are the mechanisms of atrophy?

A

reduction in structural components of the cell, imbalance of cell loss and production, may involve apoptosis

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20
Q

give examples of localised atrophy

A

ischaemia, pressure (tumours), disuse/denervation, autoimmune, idiopathic

21
Q

give examples of generalised atrophy

A

nutritional, senile, endocrine

22
Q

what is osteoporosis related to?

A

physical activity, ageing, hormones, oestrogen has inhibitory effect on osteoclasts

23
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell numbers

24
Q

what does hyperplasia result in?

A

increased tissue size and function

25
Q

what stimulates hyperplasia?

A

hormones and growth factors

26
Q

what are the causes of pathologic hyperplasia?

A

endocrine stimulation by hormone producing organs and chronic injury and inflammation stimulated by inflammatory cytokines

27
Q

why type of hyperplasia can regress?

A

controlled hyperplasia

28
Q

what are the mechanisms of hyperplasia?

A

growth factor-driven proliferation of cells, increased output of cells from stem cells, liver regeneration

29
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increased cell SIZE due to increased production of cellular proteins

30
Q

what does hypertrophy often occur with

A

hyperplasia

31
Q

what is pure hypertrophy

A

cells with limited mitotic ability

32
Q

what are the causes of hypertrophy in each muscle type?

A

skeletal - exercise, smooth - pregnancy, cardiac - LVH in hypertension

33
Q

what is goitre?

A

decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone resulting in dietary iodine deficiency

34
Q

what hormone increases during goitre?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

35
Q

what type of growth disorder is goitre?

A

thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together

36
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another and the reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

37
Q

what does metaplasia result from?

A

changes in environmental demand

38
Q

what are the 2 types of epithelial metaplasia?

A

squamous metaplasia and mucous metaplasia

39
Q

what is the mesenchymal metaplasia?

A

osseous

40
Q

what is the epithelial change of metaplasia in smokers?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia

41
Q

what is the epithelial change of metaplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

squamous epithelium to columnar metaplasia

42
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

disordered growth

43
Q

where can dysplasia occur?

A

in metaplastic tissue

44
Q

what tissue type is dysplasia mostly seen in?

A

epithelia

45
Q

what can the severity of dysplasia mean?

A

it may indicate that there is the potential for malignant change

46
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

an abnormal mass of tissue

47
Q

comment on the growth characteristics of neoplasia

A

excessive and uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed

48
Q

what type of tumours does metaplasia include?

A

benign and malignant

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

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