Growth Disorders

Question 1

what are the development disorders of too little growth?

Answer 1

agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia

Question 2

what is ageneis?

Answer 2

an organ does not develop at all (genetic defect/mechanical cause)

Question 3

what is aplasia?

Answer 3

an organ fails to develop normal structure from primitive embryonic structure

Question 4

what is hypoplasia?

Answer 4

less tissue formed, normal structure

Question 5

what would salivary gland agenesis be?

Answer 5

all salivary glands missing

Question 6

what would aplasia be?

Answer 6

only one gland missing e.g. parotid glands

Question 7

what is a hamartoma?

Answer 7

tumour-like growth that only grows in patient’s growth period but excessively

Question 8

give examples of hamartomas

Answer 8

pigmented naevi (moles), haemangioma, lymphangioma

Question 9

what are the different types of haemangioma?

Answer 9

present at birth, vascular malformation (occurs later in life), Sturge Weber syndrome (half of face is red)

Question 10

what is a lymphangioma?

Answer 10

mostly cavernous, tongue, cystic hygroma

Question 11

what is a naevus?

Answer 11

mole

Question 12

what is ectopia?

Answer 12

normal tissue in an abnormal site

Question 13

give an example of a developmental disorder in the wrong place and state what it is

Answer 13

Mickel’s diverticulum - an outpouching of the small intestine. Can contain gastric type mucosa

Question 14

give an example of an oral ectopia

Answer 14

an ectopic tooth - normal tooth but in the wrong position

Question 15

what are the acquired growth disorders?

Answer 15

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 16

what is atrohy?

Answer 16

reduction in size and number of cells

Question 17

what are the two types of atrophy?

Answer 17

physiological and pathological

Question 18

what is physiological atrophy?

Answer 18

normal growth and development under hormonal influence

Question 19

what are the mechanisms of atrophy?

Answer 19

reduction in structural components of the cell, imbalance of cell loss and production, may involve apoptosis

Question 20

give examples of localised atrophy

Answer 20

ischaemia, pressure (tumours), disuse/denervation, autoimmune, idiopathic

Question 21

give examples of generalised atrophy

Answer 21

nutritional, senile, endocrine

Question 22

what is osteoporosis related to?

Answer 22

physical activity, ageing, hormones, oestrogen has inhibitory effect on osteoclasts

Question 23

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 23

increase in cell numbers

Question 24

what does hyperplasia result in?

Answer 24

increased tissue size and function

Question 25

what stimulates hyperplasia?

Answer 25

hormones and growth factors

Question 26

what are the causes of pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 26

endocrine stimulation by hormone producing organs and chronic injury and inflammation stimulated by inflammatory cytokines

Question 27

why type of hyperplasia can regress?

Answer 27

controlled hyperplasia

Question 28

what are the mechanisms of hyperplasia?

Answer 28

growth factor-driven proliferation of cells, increased output of cells from stem cells, liver regeneration

Question 29

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 29

increased cell SIZE due to increased production of cellular proteins

Question 30

what does hypertrophy often occur with

Answer 30

hyperplasia

Question 31

what is pure hypertrophy

Answer 31

cells with limited mitotic ability

Question 32

what are the causes of hypertrophy in each muscle type?

Answer 32

skeletal - exercise, smooth - pregnancy, cardiac - LVH in hypertension

Question 33

what is goitre?

Answer 33

decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone resulting in dietary iodine deficiency

Question 34

what hormone increases during goitre?

Answer 34

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 35

what type of growth disorder is goitre?

Answer 35

thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together

Question 36

what is metaplasia?

Answer 36

change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another and the reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 37

what does metaplasia result from?

Answer 37

changes in environmental demand

Question 38

what are the 2 types of epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 38

squamous metaplasia and mucous metaplasia

Question 39

what is the mesenchymal metaplasia?

Answer 39

osseous

Question 40

what is the epithelial change of metaplasia in smokers?

Answer 40

ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia

Question 41

what is the epithelial change of metaplasia in Barrett's oesophagus?

Answer 41

squamous epithelium to columnar metaplasia

Question 42

what is dysplasia?

Answer 42

disordered growth

Question 43

where can dysplasia occur?

Answer 43

in metaplastic tissue

Question 44

what tissue type is dysplasia mostly seen in?

Answer 44

epithelia

Question 45

what can the severity of dysplasia mean?

Answer 45

it may indicate that there is the potential for malignant change

Question 46

what is neoplasia?

Answer 46

an abnormal mass of tissue

Question 47

comment on the growth characteristics of neoplasia

Answer 47

excessive and uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed

Question 48

what type of tumours does metaplasia include?

Answer 48

benign and malignant