Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology BDS1 > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

acute inflammation occurs rapidly whilst chronic inflammation is persistent and occurs over months, years and possibly forever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is chronic inflammation associated with?

A

greater tissue destruction and generally less fluid build up in infected tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is inflammatory infiltrate?

A

a mixture of macrophages and lymphocytes (neutrophils are not prominent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three types of chronic inflammation?

A

non-specific chronic inflammation, specific (primary) chronic inflammation, chronic granulomatous inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is non-specific chronic inflammation

A

failure to resolve, acute inflammation, persistent bouts of acute inflammation, excessive suppuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is specific (primary) chronic inflammation

A

arises without prior warning, persistent exposure to agent, autoimmune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is chronic granulomatous inflammation?

A

subset of specific chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when does chronic inflammation arise from acute inflammation?

A

when the immune system is not sufficient enough to eradicate stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the infiltrate of non-specific chronic inflammation dominated by?

A

tissue macrophages, T cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is non-specific chronic inflammation characterised by?

A

a dynamic balance between tissue destruction and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what may disease pathogenesis of non-specific chronic inflammation include?

A

repeated acute phases and chronic phases with ongoing repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give an example of non-specific chronic inflammation

A

periodontitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is specific chronic inflammation granulomatous or non-granulomatous?

A

either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is specific chronic inflammation characterised by?

A

excessively activated macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what non-immunological agents induce specific chronic inflammation?

A

foreign body reactions, inert noxious material (silica and asbestos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what immunological agents induce specific chronic inflammation

A

infective organisms that grow in cells (viruses, mycobacteria), hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune reactions, infection by fungi, protozoa or parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is specific chronic inflammation induced by?

A

non-immunological agents or immunological agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

unwanted response to body’s own cells and tissues or commensal bacteria, loss of tolerance to self antigens or commensal bacteria, sustained immune response that generates cells and molecules that destroy tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

give an example of an autoimmune disease

A

rheumatoid arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the disease mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoreactive T cells against antigens of joint synovium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the consequence of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

joint inflammation and destruction causing arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is periodontal disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

periodontal disease - porphyromonas gingivalis infection - local and systemic inflammatory syndrome - rheumatoid arthritis OR porphyromonas gingivalis infection - production of enzymes: PAD and proteases - peptide citrullination - loss of tolerance: production of antibodies to citrullinated proteins - rheumatid arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are PAD enzymes and where are they produced from?

A

peptidyl arginine deiminase and are naturally produced by host cells such as neutrophils but also produced by P. gingivalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does PAD enzyme do?

A

citrullinates proteins (arginine conversion to citrulline which is not a normal naturally occurring amino acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how does chronic granulomatous inflammation differ from normal chronic inflammation?
the predominant cell types are modified activated macrophages
26
what are the modified activated macrophages in chronic granulomatous inflammation?
known as epithelioid macrophages, giant cells (mulit-nucleated formed from fused epithelioid macrophages) and B and T cells present in tissue
27
what are the immunological causes of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
delayed hypersensitivity type reaction or invading pathogens
28
what are the non-immunological causes of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
foreign body in tissue e.g. asbestos particles
29
what are epithelioid cells?
modified macrophages
30
what is the main aim of macrophages?
to phagocytose and present antigen
31
what are M1 macrophages?
pro-inflammatory
32
what are M2 macrophages?
anti-inflammatory
33
what is included in macrophage tissue injury?
toxic oxygen metabolites, proteases, neutrophil chemotactic factors, coagulation factors, AA metabolites and nitric oxide
34
what is included in macrophage tissue repair?
process of fibrosis, growth factors, fibrogenic cytokines, angiogenesis factors, remodelling collagenases
35
what do fibroblasts do?
drive the process of fibrosis - they synthesis the extracellular matrix/collagen that make up the connective tissue
36
what is angiogensis?
the formation of new blood vessels
37
what is the process of granuloma formation?
1 - macrophages present antigen to lymphocytes, 2 - lymphocytes produce IL-2 IL-12 and IFN - y , 3 - induces formation of epithelioid macrophages, 4 - contribute further to giant cells formation , 5 - giant cell - macrophages engulfing foreign material
38
give an example of chronic granulomatous inflammation
orofacial granulomatosis
39
what is orofacial granulomatosis?
granulomas in soft tissues of oral cavity and swelling
40
what is orofacial granulomatosis termed if the patient also presents with intestinal crohns?
oral crohns
41
what is orofacial granulomatosis termed if the patient does not present with intestinal crohns?
orofacial granulomatosis
42
what are the 2 main classes of chronic inflammation?
specific and non-specific (specific can be granulomatous or non-granulomatous)
43
what are M1 and M2 macrophages essential in?
injury and repair
44
what is the inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periodontitis?
defence cells which have been recruited to the tissue in response to microbial biofilm present on the tooth surface
45
what are the steps of tissue destruction in periodontitis?
1 - initiation of immune response, 2 - recruitment of immune cells, 3 - immune cell activation, 4 - RANKL production, 5 - activation of osteoclasts, 6 - reduced function of osteoblasts, 7 - activation of MMPs
46
what are the matrix metalloproteinases
fibroblast, endothelial cells, macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte, dendritic cell, myofibroblast
47
what is the ECM?
complex structure that supports cells
48
what is the ECM made of?
protein fibres (mainly collagen)
49
what is the ECM remodelled by?
matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
50
what is osteoblastogenesis?
bone formation
51
what is osteoclastogenesis?
bone resorption
52
what is osteoclastogenesis mediated by?
osteoclasts
53
where do osteoclasts come from?
they differentiate from macrophages
54
what are RANKLs produced by?
osteoblasts
55
what do RANKLs do?
activates the RANK (receptor on osteoclasts)
56
why is RANKL production controlled?
so there is no bone resorption
57
what does RANKL mean?
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand
58
what is osteoblastogenesis mediated by?
osteoblasts
59
what do osteoblasts secrete?
osteoprotogerin (OPG)
60
what does OPG do?
inhibit RANKL function therefore controlling bone resorption
61
what is excessive immune response in alveolar bone destruction associated with?
an increase in the RANKL/OPG ratio and tips the balance towards the bone loss/resorption
62
what does soft tissue destruction involve?
matrix metalloproteinases
63
what do MMPs do in periodontitis?
remodel the gingival tissue causing soft tissue destruction

Microbiology BDS1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions