Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Health > Neonatology > Flashcards

Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

placental functions

A 
foetal homeostasis
gas exchange
nutrient transport
waste removal
acid-base balance
hormone production
transport of IgG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three shunts in the foetal circulation

A
  1. ductus venosus
  2. foramen ovale
  3. ductus arteriosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

role of the ductus venosus

A

passes blood from the placenta to the IVC through the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

role of the foramen ovale

A

passes blood through atria from right to left (some blood does still enter the right ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

role of the ductus arteriosus

A

right ventricle into the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does waste go back to the placenta?

A

via the umbilical arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

resistance in lungs and placenta

A

high pulmonary resistance

low placental resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

preparation for birth in the 3rd trimester

A 
surfactant production
accumulation of glycogen
accumulation of brown fat (between scapulae and internal organs)
accumulation of subcutaneous fat
swallowing amniotic fluid
this is a period of rapid weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

preparations for birth during labour and delivery

A

increased catecholamines/cortisol (stress)
lung fluid synthesis halted and crying absorbs fluid into the lymphatic system
vaginal delivery squeezes the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

normal appearance of a baby on delivery

A

blue (gradually pinkness)
breathing
crying
cord is cut (delayed if premature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

circulatory transitions at birth

A

pulmonary resistance drops
systemic vascular resistance drops and oxygen tension rises
prostaglandins drop closing ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fate of the ductus venosus

A

ligamentum teres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fate of the foramen ovale

A

closes (can persist as PFO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fate of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosus (can persist as PDA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of conditions if there is failure of cardiorespiratory adaptation

A

persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)
transient tachypnoea of the new-born (TTPN)
RDS
pneumothorax
meconium aspiration
diaphragmatic hernia
trachea-oesophageal fistula (curled nasogastric tube and no stomach bubble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

causes of PPHN

A

solid lungs filled with fluid or lack of surfactant
PDA
PFO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diagnosis of PPHN

A

pre-ductal and post-ductal saturation (positive if more than 3% difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

management of PPHN

A 
ventilation
oxygen
nitric oxide (given through ventilator)
sedation
inotropes
ECLS (hypo-coagulable)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cause of transient tachypnoea of the new-born (TTPN)

A

C-section causes no squeezing of the lungs so fluid is not absorbed fully into the lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

presentation of TTPN

A

tachypnoea
grunting
first 6 hours of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

management of TTPN

A

always screen for infection (just in case)

may need respiratory support but often self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who does RDS occur in and why?

A

pre-terms due to lack of surfactant and structural immaturity

23
Q

management of RDS

A

maternal steroids
surfactant
ventilation

24
Q

cardiac problems

A

heart failure (hydrops foetal is e.g. Rhesus disease)
PPHN
congenital

25
Q

congenital cardiac problems

A 
teratology of Fallot
transposition of great arteries
coarctation of the aorta
TADVD
hypoplastic heart
26
Q

other congenital abnormalities

A 
microcephaly (CMV)
spina bifida
Potter's syndrome (renal agenesis so no urine so amniotic fluid not swallowed)
myotonic dystrophy
hypoglycaemia
acidosis
27
Q

three adaptions within the first few hours of life?

A

thermogenesis
glucose homeostasis
nutrition

28
Q

ways heat is lost

A

radiation (large SA to volume ratio, especially head)
convection
conduction
evaporation

29
Q

how to reduce heat loss

A 
hat
dry
protect from drafts
clothing
mother's chest
incubator
30
Q

can babies shiver

A

no so they breakdown stored adipose tissue in response to catecholamines

other adaptions include peripheral vasoconstriction

31
Q

can babies use ketones as brain fuel?

A

yes

32
Q

hypoglycaemia causes in new-born

A

increased energy demands e.g. unwell or hypothermic
low glycogen stores due to being small or premature
inappropriate insulin/glucagon (maternal diabetes or hyperinsulinaemia- mother on beta blockers)

33
Q

role of oxytocin

A

milk ejection

34
Q

role of prolactin

A

milk production

35
Q

why is foetal Hb disadvantageous when the baby is born?

A

adapted to a hypoxic state (curve shifted left) so does not release oxygen as easily

36
Q

cause of physiological jaundice

A

foetal Hb is broken down faster than adult Hb is made and conjugating pathways are immature leading to rise in unconjugated bilirubin

37
Q

when does physiological jaundice happen?

A

2-5 days, outside of this is pathological

38
Q

risk factors for adaption

A 
hypoxia/asphyxia during delivery
small
large
premature
maternal illness
medications
39
Q

define term

A

37 weeks gestation

40
Q

post-term

A

beyond 41 weeks

41
Q

normal birth weight

A

2.5-4.0kg

42
Q

pre-term

A

before 37 weeks gestation
very pre-term= under 31 weeks
extreme pre-term= under 27 weeks
foetal loss= under 22 weeks

43
Q

what score is used to asses the new-born’s progression?

A

APGAR score

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration

44
Q

other things to look out for outside the APGAR score?

A 
jaundice
low tone (floppy)
seizures (eye rolling)
poor feeding
bilious vomit
45
Q

management in cerebral palsy

A

therapeutic cooling

46
Q

antenatal infection cause

A

group B strep

47
Q

perinatal infection cause

A

herpes

48
Q

bacterial causes of infection in neonates

A 
group B strep
E. coli
listeria monocytogenes
staph aureus
epidermidis
49
Q

viral causes of infection in neonates

A 
CMV
parvovirus
herpes 
enteroviruses
toxoplasma gondii
HIV
syphilis
TORCH
50
Q

management of haemorrhage disease of the new-born

A

vitamin K IM

oral K

51
Q

factors that increase the chance of a pre-term birth

A 
multiple pregnancy
rupture of membranes
hypertension
intrauterine growth restrictions
smoking
alcohol
illicit drugs
poor nutrition 
less than 6 month interval
IVF
52
Q

what do premature babies need help with?

A
  • staying warm (reduced brown fat- risk of hypoglycaemia)
  • fragile lungs (ribcage not develop)
  • breathing (before 34 weeks immature respiratory centres so can forget)
  • systemic immaturity (RDS, PDA, IVH, NEC)
  • ROP
  • nutritional compromise
53
Q

common problems in pre-terms

A 
RDS
PDA
IVH
NEC
ROP
hypoglycaemia (immature liver and pancreas)
hyponatraemia (immature kidneys)
cerebral palsy risk increased

Child Health (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions