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Child Health > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

what week does development of the brain begin?

A

3rd week post-conception and continues into early adulthood

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2
Q

what do genes determine?

A

correct sequence and evolution with neuronal proliferation, migration and reorganisation
development of dendritic and axonal interconnections
development of synapses, receptors and neurotransmitters

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3
Q

two types of environments that influence brain development

A

intrauterine

extrauterine

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4
Q

how does the intrauterine environment affect brain development?

A

maternal heath and disease (maternal PKU risks crossing placenta and affecting the brain)
insults that are continuous or episodic during pregnancy e.g. alcohol or CMV
placental nutrition (delivery failure risks intrauterine growth retardation)

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5
Q

how does the extrauterine environment affect brain development

A
  • physical factors e.g. nutrition and environmental toxin
  • emotion and social factors e.g. neglect and lack of stimulation
  • exposure to drugs, alcohol and other related substances
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6
Q

four stages to brain development

A

embryonic
foetal development
post-natal development
adolescent brain

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7
Q

time frame of embryonic brain development

A

conception to week 9

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8
Q

how does gastrulation and the three layered embryo formed?

A

the two layered embryo consists of epiblasts and hypoblasts between which the primitive streak/node has cells migrate through (route of migration is determined by nodal signalling)

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9
Q

three layers of the embryo

A 
ectoderm= skin, nails, hair and neural tissue
mesoderm= muscle, bone, cartilage and vascular system
endoderm= gut and respiratory system
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10
Q

what days does the neural tube form

A

day 20-27

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11
Q

describe the formation of the neural tube

A

neural progenitor cells form neural plate which develops a groove and folds into a tube. the progenitor cells line the tube (ventricular zone). hollow centre becomes the ventricular system and central channel of the spinal cord

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12
Q

what does the rostral tube become?

A

brain

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13
Q

what does the caudal tube become?

A

spinal cord

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14
Q

signalling molecules

A

Pax6

Emx2

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15
Q

what does high concentration of Pax6 and low concentration of Emx2 cause

A

progenitors become motor neurone in the anterior and rostral area

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16
Q

what does low Pax6 and high Emx2 induce?

A

visual cortical neurones (posterior/caudal)

17
Q

how does the appearance of the brain change in foetal development?

A

brain is initially lissencephalic and gradually develops a folded appearance (sulcal and gyro pattern- accommodates more neurones)

18
Q

formation of three sulci

A 
primary= week 8-26
seconday= 30-35
teritary= 36 to early infancy
19
Q

describe brain development in foetal stage of CNS development

A
  • neuronal progenitor cells in the VZ divide to form two identical progenitor cells (days 25-42)
  • asymmetrical division follows producing one progenitor cell and one neurone (post-mitotic, loss cannot be re-established)
  • migrate to developmental neocortex
20
Q

two main processes in post-natal development

A
  1. proliferation and migration= limited in VZ but does happen elsewhere
  2. myelination
21
Q

describe the process of myelination in post-natal development

A

oligodendrocytes progenitor cells wraps around axons (myelin sheaths)

22
Q

what does myelination cause?

A

increased conduction rate
axon integrity
diameter
survival

23
Q

direction of myelination formation

A

bottom to top

back to front

24
Q

what input is needed post-natally

A

environmentally diverse and experiences

25
Q

what happens during adolescent brain development?

A

reorganisation of the brain with many synapses eliminated, increase in white volume and change in neurotransmitter system

26
Q

what does monocular visual deprivation cause in later life

A

altered organisation of primary visual cortex as both eyes develop dominance columns, if one eyes becomes blocked the band shrinks and the active eye invades this territory

27
Q

what do insults during neural tube formation lead to?

A

anencephaly

spina bifida

28
Q

insults during development of brain vesicles

A

holoprosencephaly

29
Q

disorders of myelination

A

hypermyelination
dysmyelination
demyelination (formed then lost)

30
Q

what does the PLP1 gene code for?

A

myelin protein present in CNS

31
Q

what is myelin protein responsible for?

A

compaction, stabilisation and maintenance of myelin sheaths
oligodendrocyte development
axonal survival

32
Q

where is the PLP1 gene located?

A

X chromosome (boys)

33
Q

most severe form of mutation in PLP1 gene

A

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher

34
Q

presentation of PLP1 gene mutation

A 
infancy/early childhood
nystagmus
hypotonia
cognitive impairment 
progresses to severe spasticity and ataxia
life span shortened
35
Q

impact of malnutrition

A

brain growth and volume
myelination
energy and deprivation (experience and stimulation)
disease and debilitation

Child Health (26 decks)

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