Navigation (ACS)

Question 1

(Navigation)
What types of navigation are there?

Answer 1

Pilotage: navigation by visual landmarks

Dead reckoning: flying a course between set checkpoints by deriving heading time and distance from winds aloft and magnetic variation.

Radio navigation: using ground based navigational aids to fly your course.

Question 2

(Navigation)
What makes a good checkpoint?

Answer 2

Something on the ground that is very obvious from the air. Large mountains, big lakes, and other unmistakeable distinct things on the ground.

Checkpoints should be no further than 5-10 miles apart at the start.
During cruise checkpoints can be 10-20 miles apart.

Question 3

(Navigation)
Can your EFB be your only chart?

Answer 3

Yes. Your electronic flight bag with current documents that mirror the paper ones is fine to be the only reference for charts.

Always have backups though, Ipads and other electronics run out of batteries.

Question 4

(Navigation)
How does VOR work?

Answer 4

VHF omni direction range (VOR) works by sending out two signals. One is fixed and is called a reference signal the other is a rotating signal called a variable signal. These signals are just sign waves emitted at 30 hertz. The variable signal rotates 360 degrees 30 times a second.

High speed lighthouse is a good analogy.

A radial is the magnetic bearing from the VOR.

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