Operation of Systems (ACS) Flashcards
(Operation of Systems)
What are the primary flight controls?
Three primary flight controls are the:
Ailerons: roll
Rudder: yaw
Elevator: pitch
The control surfaces that allow the pilot to directly control pitch, bank, and yaw.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the secondary flight controls?
control surfaces that do not directly affect the three primary axis of movement. They do greatly enhance the capabilities of an aircraft.
Secondary flight control:
Wing flaps, leading edge devices, trim systems, or spoilers.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the four parts that make up the four stroke cycle?
Suck - Intake
Squeeze - Compression
Bang - Power
Blow - Exhaust
-In the intake stage the piston travels down as air and fuel enters the cylinder.
-When the piston reaches the bottom of travel and starts coming back up the engine enters the compression stage. The piston compresses the air fuel mixture to increase the strength of the combustion.
-The combustion happens in the power stage. As the spark plugs ignite the compressed air fuel mixture the resulting pressure pushes the piston down which turns the cam shaft which powers the propeller and the alternator.
-The exhaust phase where the exhaust valve opens up and the waste gasses from the combustion are expelled.
The cycle repeats these steps.
(Operations of Systems)
How do carbureted engines and fuel injected engines work?
Carbureted engines:
-A carburetor is a chamber that uses the venturi effect to create an accelerated vacuum. with which fuel is sucked into the chamber and mixed with air.
-The amount of air sent to the engine is determined by the throttle. The amount of fuel to be mixed with the air is set with the mixture control. The fuel air mixture is sent via the induction system to the cylinders where it is introduced during the intake phase of the four stroke cycle.
Fuel injected engines
-A fuel air control unit controls the mixture of fuel and air. Note that it is sometimes called a servo regulator depending on the manufacturer.
-The big difference here is the air and fuel are not mixed together in the fuel air control unit. Instead the fuel air control unit compares the air flow control of the throttle and then meters the correct amount of fuel needed.
-The fuel does not combine with the air until just prior to hitting the cylinder.
-An engine driven fuel pump is what carries fuel and primes the engine. There is a fuel manifold that distributes fuel to each cylinder via discharge nozzles.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the positives and negatives of a carbureted vs fuel injected engine?
carbureted characteristics:
-Manual priming is required via a pump in the cockpit.
-Easy to hot start. The carburetor has little difficulty pulling in required fuel air mixture for restart.
-Less fuel efficient overall
-Suffers from icing
Injected characteristics:
-Electric fuel pump is used to prime. Easier to prime but easy to over prime.
-Fuel is not combined until just before release into the cylinder. so the fuel manifold have pure fuel in them. When it is hot and the engine is stopped, fuel can vaporize in the manifold lines creating pockets of air in the lines. This creates a situation where air is being mixed with air in the cylinder.
-More precise metering of fuel into the fuel air mixture.
-Biggest benefit is it does not ice nearly as easily as carburetors do.
(Operations of Systems)
What is the purpose of engine oil?
The oil in an aircrafts engine does several things including:
-Lubricate the engine components.
-Cools the engine. By reducing the amount of friction that the moving components have on each other, and by displacing the heat due to oil liquid nature it can be replaced by cooler oil.
-creates a seal between the pistons and the cylinder.
-Cleans the engine by carrying the byproducts of combustion and metal shavings and other impurities while the oil circulates.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the ignition system work?
Does the engine stop if there is an electrical failure? No.
-The ignition system consists of magnetos, spark plugs, and a starter motor.
-Magnetos power the spark plugs.
-Magnetos ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders and the cylinders power the magnetos.
-Since the magnetos generate their own power through mechanical means their not connected to the electrical system at all. This is why the engine will continue to run despite an electrical failure.
-there are usually 2 magnetos for redundancy. There are 2 spark plugs per cylinder which is for redundancy and better fuel burn in the cylinders.
-The starter motor is powered by the aircraft battery and drives the engine enough for the air fuel mixture to enter the cylinders and for the spark plugs to fire.
(Operations of Systems)
How do we test the magnetos before flight?
When the ignition switch is moved from both to left or right magneto we want to see a drop in RPM since cylinders don’t burn fuel as efficiently with one spark plug. If there is no drop there might be an electrical short in the cables causing both magnetos to run regardless of the ignition switch.
Fouled spark plugs are also a reason for magnetos coming back with a wrong RPM.
(Operations of Systems)
How can spark plugs be defouled in flight?
Lean the mixture and running the engine at around 2,000 RPM for 30 seconds.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the power systems in your aircraft?
Ask Chance and look into the POH.
(Operations of Systems)
What indication should the ameter read after engine start?
the main battery powers the starter motor which takes a lot of power to do. After starting the engine the alternator will start to power the electrical system and recharge the battery. you want to see that the stand by battery and main battery have positive indicators. This means they are receiving positive charge and are not expending more energy then they are giving.
If there is a negative charge on the ground it could be because the RPM is not high enough to provide charge to the alternator.
In flight there is something wrong with an alternator and a landing should be planned soon.
(Operations of Systems)
When flying on a cold day and exhaust can be smelled inside the cabin; what is happening?
The most likely thing that happened is that the cabin heat system has been contaminated. There is a shroud that encompasses part to the exhaust system. The heat from the exhaust system is taken and distributed to the cabin. If there is a crack in the shroud though carbon monoxide poisoning is likely. Shut off the heat and vent the cabin as best as possible. look for a suitable landing immediately.
(Operations of Systems)
What is the difference between de-icing and anti-icing equipment?
de-icing equipment undoes icing that has already accumulated on parts of the aircraft.
-inflatable leading edge boots and weeping wing systems.
Anti-Icing equipment prevents ice from forming in the first place.
-Pitot heat, alternate air sources, carburetor heat, and wind shield defrosters are all examples of anti-icing equipment.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the pitot static instruments?
The pitot static instruments are the ones that deal with pressure.
-Altimeter, the vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator.
-The only instrument that uses the pitot tube is the airspeed indicator.
-Each uses ambient pressure from the static ports on the sides of the aircraft.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the Altimeter work?
Takes the ambient pressure and compares it to standard. From that we can estimate our height above sea level.
Essentially the altimeter acts as an aneroid barometer that measures units of pressure instead of increments of height.
The ambient pressure from the static port is piped into the sealed altimeter casing. inside the casing are thin accordian like things called aneroid wafers that have been pressurized and sealed at standard pressure (29.92). Through a series of gears the stack of wafers is connected to the altimeters altitude pointers. if the ambient pressure from the static port decreases the wafers expand moving the pointers clockwise.
Sensitive altimeters are altimeters with an increased number of aneroid wafers making them more precise.
Colsman window is used to adjust the pressure setting.
For example if the ambient pressure from the static port decreases the wafers expand, moving the pointers clockwise which is to be expected as pressure decreases with altitude. Think of how a weather balloon expands as it ascends. If the ambient pressure increases like in a descent that compresses the wafers which decreases the indicated altitude.
(Operations of Systems)
Why does an altimeter not always accurately display true altitude?
When we’re flying we want to know true altitude.
- True altitude: the altitude of the aircraft above sea level (airport, obstacle, and terrain altitudes are listed in height above sea level).
The main drawback of pressure altimeters are that they can only give an approximation of true altitude which is known as indicated altitude.
The factors the cause the discrepancy of indicated altitude reporting are:
-Nonstandard pressure: the altimeter needs to be updated to the correct pressure setting in order for it to read correctly. A change of 0.1 inches of mercury is equivalent to 100 feet of altitude.
-Nonstandard temperature. Hot to cold look out below
(Operations of Systems)
When flying from an area of relatively high pressure to an area of relatively low pressure without changing the altimeter setting, how does your true altitude change?
High to low look out below.
The colesman knob acts as a clock adjustment. if you rotate it counter clockwise both the pressure setting and the indicated altitude decrease. If you rotate it clockwise both the pressure setting and the indicated altitude increases.
If youre flying at 5,000’ indicated with a setting of 30.00 inches of mercury, but the setting should be 29.80. What happens when the knob gets rotated counter clockwise to make that adjustment? The altimeter will adjust and indicate a lower altitude. 4,800’ is the real altitude.
(Operations of Systems)
What altimeter settings do you use for cruise flight below and above 18,000’ MSL?
Change the setting to 29.92 (FAR 91.121) above 18,000’.
When flying below the altimeter setting must be changed to the current altimeter setting of a station within 100 miles. If there isn’t a station within 100 miles then use a current altimeter setting of an appropriate station.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the airspeed indicator work?
The airspeed indicator is the only pitot static instrument that uses the pitot tube as well as the static port.
This is because we must compare these two sources to find out our indicated airspeed.
the pitot tube registers ram air pressure from the relative wind caused by the aircraft moving through the air. This ram air pressure is called dynamic air pressure. The pitot tube uses the dynamic air and compares it with the ambient air pressure from the static port. The combination of these two pressures is known as total pressure.
Subtracting the static pressure from the total pressure we can determine the dynamic pressure which is what is needed to determine airspeed. The airspeed indicator accomplishes this. A static pressure line leading to the airspeed indicators casing allows the ambient pressure from the static port to fill the casing. The total pressure from the pitot tube fills an expandable diaphragm that sits inside the casing. As the aircraft flies faster the increased dynamic pressure inflates the diaphragm. The static pressure inside the diaphragm inflates the diaphragm but the static pressure inside the casing puts pressure on the outside in equal amounts. This equilibrium that is found by the two static pressures leaves only the dynamic pressure acting and making differences.
Diaphragm inflates the airspeed indicator reads a higher airspeed.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the vertical speed indicator work?
The third and final pitot static instrument is the vertical speed indicator. VSI uses pressure comparison. How fast we are climbing or descending. Inside of the instrument there is a diaphragm similar to the one in the airspeed indicator. It only contains static pressure though. The VSI case has static pressure, the diaphragm has static pressure, but the case also has a calibrated leak.
The calibrated leak in the case allows the static pressure in the case to adjust to the ambient pressure felt by the changing altitude. The less the pressure the more the diaphragm can expand and indicate a rise in altitude. the higher the pressure the more compressed the diaphragm and the lower the indicated drop in height. This allows for the VSI to show a rise and fall in altitude.
The VSI shows trends and is not completely accurate. There is a delay.
(Operations of Systems)
How do pitot static port blockages affect instrument readings?
Pitot tube blockage:
-if only the ram air inlet gets blocked the pitot tube will no longer register dynamic pressure only static pressure through the drainage hole. This will cause the Airspeed indicator to read zero.
-If the ram air inlet and the drainage hole is blocked the pressure inside the airspeed indicator becomes fixed at whatever existed at the time of the blockage and the instrument gets stuck at whatever speed. The instrument then becomes an altimeter of sorts. the needle will shift based on height/changing pressure instead of airspeed. Don’t be fooled it is not an altimeter.
Static port blockage:
-The altimeter will be stuck at whatever it was registering at the time of blockage.
-The VSI will be fixed at zero.
-The airspeed indicator will look like it is still working but it won’t be accurate.
(Operations of Systems)
What is the purpose of the alternate static system
the backup for when the static port is blocked. There will be a cockpit control that opens the alternate static source. The alternate port itself will also be in the cockpit. This will result in deviations in instrument readings. They’ll work though.
Breaking the glass of one of the instruments can also create an alternate static port.
(Operations of Systems)
what instruments work on gyroscopic principles?
The attitude indicator
The heading indicator
The turn coordinator
A gyroscopic instrument measures the aircrafts rotation around the three axis of movement.
(Operations of Systems)
What two gyroscopic principles do aircraft instruments use?
Rigidity in space: the disc stays in its original plane as it moves.
Gyroscopic precession: a force is felt 90 degrees away from the original area in the discs rotation.
(Operations of Systems)
What causes the gyroscope to spin?
gyroscopic systems are powered by a vacuum system, an electrical motor, a venturi system, or a combination of these.
Typically the attitude and heading indicator use a vacuum system. An engine driven motor that sucks air through a tube. the air is cleaned through a filter and sent to the gyroscope that have veins to deliver the air. A suction gauge allows the pilot to ensure the vacuum system is sucking enough air to spin the gyros fast enough.
Turn coordinators are usually powered by an electric motor but it can be powered by a vacuum system in older aircraft.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the attitude indicator work?
The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted horizontally, parallel to the ground. It is mounted in a double gimble which allows for rotation around the pitch and role axis. Once the gyro starts spinning the gyro will want to maintain its original orientation which is parallel to the ground. Attached to the artificial horizon, so the horizon bar actually stays in place as the aircraft pitches and banks around it. The indicator is fixed to the instrument.
(Operations of Systems)
Are there any limitations associated with the attitude indicator?
No it is a very reliable instrument.
-If you accelerate or decelerate in flight the attitude indicator might show a increase or decrease in pitch. Its not a large change.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the heading indicator work?
unlike the attitude indicator the heading indicators gyro is mounted vertically. meaning the rotation is around the vertical axis. We want to measure the yaw of the aircraft. The outer gimble system rotates around the yaw axis which is connected via gears to the face of the heading indicator. As the aircraft turn the gyro stays in place while the aircraft yaws around it. This rotates the face of the heading indicator. The inner gimble allows the gyro to stay fixed as the aircraft banks. Ensuring that we are measuring the nose swinging around the horizon regardless of attitude.
Adjust the heading indicator to the magnetic heading that is being flown.
(Operations of Systems)
Are there any limitations or errors associated with the heading indicator.
Yes. Many.
-Correcting the heading must be done throughout the flight. Precession will cause the heading indicator to drift from displaying the correct heading. Adjust every 15 minutes. 3 degrees every 15 minutes is normal.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the turn coordinator work?
Third and final gyroscopic instrument. The gyro in the turn coordinator spins in the plane of the longitudinal axis which goes from nose to tail. The gimble itself is not aligned entirely with the longitudinal axis. Rather it is canted 30 degrees up. This allows the instrument to show the rate of roll and the rate of turn. By using precession.
As the aircraft rolls or yaws it creates a force on the gyro in the horizontal plane. Due to precession this force acts 90 degrees from the horizontal plane. causing the gimble to rotate around the horizontal axis. When entering a turn the aircrafts roll deflects the turn coordinators little airplane in the direction of the turn. The quicker you bank the more deflection there will be. Once the bank is consistent the turn coordinator will give the rate of turn.
(Operations of Systems)
How does the magnetic compass work?
a sensing magnet associated with north and south magnets that is floated in fluid allowing the magnets to free float and adjust to the magnetic north and south. A compass card is attached that is graduated and marked with the cardinal directions.
(Operations of Systems)
What are the limitations and errors of the magnetic compass?
Turning error:
UNOS: undershoot north, overshoot south
Acceleration error:
ANDS: accelerate north, decelerate south
When flying close to the north or south magnetic poles the compass will be unusable due to the bending of the magnetic field.
(Operations of Systems)
What is compass oscillation error?
Oscillation error is simply the compass being jostled around too much to be read too much?
(Operations of Systems)
What is compass deviation error?
Deviation is caused by magnetic interference from the aircraft itself. When the compass is installed in the aircraft a mechanic will compare the compass reading with the known magnetic headings while the aircraft is on the ground with powered up instruments. Any differences with the compass and the actual magnetic heading will be written on a compass deviation card that is fixed to the compass.
(Operations of Systems)
What is compass variation error?
Variation error is the difference between magnetic north and true north. Since in most places they don’t line up.
(Operations of Systems)
How is the compass variation error depicted on a sectional chart?
via Isogonic lines
If the variation is east, subtract it to get true heading
If the variation is west, add it to get true heading
(Flight Instruments)
When an aircraft is decelerated, some attitude indicators will precess and incorrectly indicate a?
A. left turn
B. Climb
C. Descent
Answer: (C) Descent
Acceleration and deceleration induce precession errors, depending upon the amount and extent of the force applied. During deceleration, the horizon bar moves up, indicating a descent.
(Flight Instruments)
During a constant bank level turn, what effect would an increase in airspeed have on the rate and radius of turn?
A. Rate of turn would increase, and radius of turn would increase.
B. Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn would decrease.
C. Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn would increase.
Answer: (C) Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn would increase.
Both rate of turn and the radius of turn vary with changes in airspeed. if airspeed is increases, then the rate of turn is decreased, and the radius of turn is increased.
(Flight Instruments)
Where will the inclinometer be in a slipping turn?
Inside the turn
(Flight Instruments)
If a half standard rate turn is maintained, how much time would be required to turn clockwise from a heading of 090 to a heading of 180?
A. 30 seconds
B. 1 minute
C. 1 minute and 30 seconds
Answer: (B) 1 minute
(Flight Instruments)
During flight, if the pitot tube becomes clogged with ice, which of the following instruments would be effected?
A. Airspeed indicator
B. Airspeed indicator and altimeter
C. Airspeed indicator, altimeter, and VSI
Answer: (A) Airspeed indicator
(Flight Instruments)
Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to true altitude?
A. When the atmospheric pressure is 29.92
B. When standard atmospheric conditions exist
C. When indicated altitude is equal to the pressure altitude
Answer: (B) When standard atmospheric conditions exist
(Flight Instruments)
In addition to the attitude indicator, the pitch control instruments are?
A. Altimeter and the airspeed indicator
B. Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and VSI
C. Altimeter, turn coordinator, and VSI
Answer: (B) Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and VSI
(Flight Instruments)
Enroute to FL290, your altimeter is set correctly, but you fail to reset it to the local altimeter setting of 30.26 during descent. If the field elevation is 134’ and your altimeter is functioning properly, what will it indicate after landing?
A. 100’
B. 474’
C. 206’
Answer: (C) 206’
Since the flight when from a low pressure area to a higher pressure area the altimeter error is subtracted from the field elevation of 134’.
134 (airport elevation) - 340 (altimeter error) = -206’ (below sea level)
(Flight Instruments)
How should you preflight an altimeter before an IFR flight?
A. Set the altimeter to the current temperature. With current temperature and the altimeter indication determine the calibrated altitude to compare with field elevation.
B. Set the altimeter first to 29.92 and then the current altimeter setting. The change in altitude should correspond to the change in setting.
C. Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting. The indication should be within 74’ of the actual elevation for acceptable accuracy.
Answer: (C) Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting. The indication should be within 74’ of the actual elevation for acceptable accuracy.
(Flight Instruments)
What indications are displayed by the miniature aircraft of a turn coordinator?
A. Rate of roll and rate of turn.
B. Direct indication of bank angle and pitch attitude.
C. Indirect indication of bank angle and pitch attitude.
Answer: (A) Rate of roll and rate of turn.
(Flight Instruments)
What CAS must be used to maintain a filed TAS of 128 knots at 5,000’ MSL if the outside air temperature is +5 degrees C?
A. 119 KCAS
B. 124 KCAS
C. 126 KCAS
Answer: (A) 119 KCAS
To find CAS when TAS is known , the correct OAT and the pressure altitude is required.
Since neither are available for the problem, substitute the uncorrected OAT and the planned flight altitude. Using a flight computer determine the CAS from the given information: Altitude 5000, temperature is +5, and TAS is 128.
Note: use and E6B or a CX-3
(Flight Instruments)
Which condition during a taxi is an indication that an attitude indicator is unreliable?
A. The horizon bar tilts more than 5 degrees while making taxi turns.
B. The horizon bar vibrates during warmup.
C. The horizon bar does not align itself with the miniature airplane after warmup.
Answer: (A) The horizon bar tilts more than 5 degrees while making taxi turns.
(Flight Instruments)
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from a south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
A. The compass will indicate a turn to the right, but at a faster rate than is actually occurring.
B. The compass will initially indicate a turn to the left.
C. The compass will remain on south for a short time, then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
Answer: (A) The compass will indicate a turn to the right, but at a faster rate than is actually occurring.
If on a southerly heading and a turn is made toward the east or west, the initial indication of the compass needle will indicate a greater amount of turn than is actually made. This lead diminishes as the turn progresses toward east or west where there is no turn error.
(Flight Instruments)
What CAS must be used to maintain the filed TAS of 155 knots at 8,000’ MSL if the outside air temperature is -5 degrees C?
A. 134 KCAS
B. 139 KCAS
C. 142 KCAS
Answer: (B) 139 KCAS
(Flight Instruments)
The displacement of a turn coordinator during a coordinated turn will?
A. indicate the angle of bank.
B. Remain constant for a given bank regardless of airspeed.
C. increase as angle of bank increases.
Answer: (C) Increase as angle of bank increases.
(Flight Instruments)
The advancement of avionics in light general aviation airplanes has enhanced situational awareness for properly trained pilots. However, there is a concern that this technology could lead to?
Complacency
(Flight Instruments)
If a standard rate turn is maintained, how long would it take to turn 180 degrees?
A. 1 minute
B. 2 minutes
C. 3 minutes
Answer: (A) 1 minute
Note: a standard rate turn is 2 minute to make a full revolution of 360 degrees starting from any point on a circular path.
(Flight Instruments)
During recoveries from unusual attitudes, level flight is attained the instant:
A. the horizon bar on the attitude indicator is exactly overlapped with the miniature airplane.
B. the zero rate of climb is indicated on the VSI
C. the altimeter and airspeed needles stop prior to reversing their direction of movement.
Answer: (C) the altimeter and airspeed needles stop prior to reversing their direction of movement.
A level pitch attitude is indicated by the reversal and stabilization of the airspeed indicator and altimeter needles.
(Flight Instruments)
What is the relationship between centrifugal force and the horizontal lift component in a coordinated turn?
A. Horizontal lift exceeds centrifugal force.
B. Horizontal lift and centrifugal force are equal.
C. Centrifugal force exceeds horizontal lift.
Answer: (B) Horizontal lift and centrifugal force are equal.
(Flight Instruments)
When airspeed is decreased in a turn what must be done to maintain level flight?
A. decrease the angle of bank and/or increase the angle of attack.
B. increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the angle of attack.
C. Increase the angle of attack.
Answer: (A) Decrease the angle of bank and/or increase the angle of attack.
(Flight Instruments)
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from an east heading in the northern hemisphere?
A. The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right.
B. the compass will remain on east for a short time, then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
C. The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
Answer: (C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
There should be no compass error on a east or west heading.
(Flight Instruments)
What effect will a change in wind direction have upon maintaining a 3 degree glide slope at a constant true airspeed?
A. when ground speed decreases, rate of descent must increase.
B. when ground speed increases, rate of descent must increase.
C. rate of descent must be constant to remain on glide slope.
Answer: (B) when ground speed increases, rate of descent must increase.
(Flight Instruments)
What indication should you observe on the turn and slip indicator during taxi?
A. the ball moves freely opposite the turn, and the needle deflects in the direction of the turn.
B. the needle deflects in the direction of the turn, but the ball remains centered.
C. the ball deflects opposite the turn, but the needle remains centered.
Answer: (A) the ball moves freely opposite the turn, and the needle deflects in the direction of the turn.
(Flight Instruments)
To enter a constant airspeed descent from level cruising flight and maintain cruising airspeed, the pilot should:
Simultaneously reduce power and adjust the pitch using the attitude indicator as a reference to maintain the cruising airspeed.
(Flight Instruments)
On the taxi check the magnetic compass should?
A. swing opposite the direction of the turn when turning from the north.
B. Exhibit the same number of degrees of dip as the latitude.
C. swing freely and indicate known headings.
Answer: (C) Swing freely and indicate known headings.
(Flight Instruments)
During normal operation of a vacuum driven attitude indicator, what attitude indication should you see when rolling out from a 180 degree skidding turn to a straight and level coordinated flight?
A. A straight and level coordinated flight indication.
B. A nose high indication relative to level flight.
C. The miniature aircraft shows a turn in the direction opposite the skid.
Answer: (C) The miniature aircraft shows a turn in the direction opposite the skid.
(Flight Instruments)
To level off from a descent to a specific altitude, the pilot should lead the level off by approximately?
A. 10 percent the vertical speed.
B. 20 percent the vertical speed.
C. 50 percent the vertical speed.
Answer: (A) 10 percent the vertical speed.
(Flight Instruments)
At an altitude of 6500’ MSL, the current altimeter setting is 30.42. the pressure altitude would be approximately?
A. 7,500’
B. 6,000’
C. 6,500’
Answer: (B) 6,000’
(Flight Instruments)
What are the three fundamental skills involved in attitude instrument flying?
Cross check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
(Flight Instruments)
The pressure altitude at a given location is indicated on the altimeter after the altimeter is set to?
29.92
(Flight Instruments)
local altimeter setting should be used by all pilots in a particular area, primarily to provide for?
A. the cancellation of altimeter error due to nonstandard temperatures aloft.
B. better vertical separation of aircraft.
C. more accurate terrain clearance in mountainous areas.
Better vertical separation of aircraft.
(Flight Instruments)
what causes the northerly turning error in magnetic compass?
A. Coriolis force at the mid latitudes.
B. Centrifugal force acting on the compass card
C. The magnetic dip characteristic.
Answer: (C) the magnetic dip characteristic.
(Flight Instruments)
during a skidding turn to the right, what is the relationship between the component of lift, centrifugal force, and load factor?
A. centrifugal force is less than horizontal lift and the load factor is increased.
B. Centrifugal force is greater than horizontal lift and the load factor is increased.
C. Centrifugal force and horizontal lift are equal and the load factor is decreased.
Answer: (B) Centrifugal force is greater than horizontal lift and the load factor is increased.
(Flight Instruments)
When an altimeter is changed from 30.11 to 29.96 in which direction will the indicated altitude change and by what value?
A. 15’ lower
B. 150’ lower
C. 150’ higher
Answer: (B) Altimeter will indicate 150’ lower
(Flight Instruments)
As a rule of thumb, altitude correction of less than 100’ should be corrected by using a?
A. full bar width on the attitude indicator.
B. half bar width on the attitude indicator.
C. two bar width on the attitude indicator.
Answer: (B) Half bar width on the attitude indicator
(Flight Instruments)
If you are departing from an airport where you cannot obtain an altimeter setting, you should set your altimeter to?
A. 29.92
B. on the current airport barometric pressure if known.
C. to the airport elevation.
Answer: (C) to the airport elevation
(Flight Instruments)
Which altitude is indicated when the altimeter is set to 29.92?
Pressure
(Flight Instruments)
What pretakeoff check should be made of the attitude indicator in preparation for an IFR flight?
A. the horizon bar does not vibrate during warmup.
B. the miniature airplane should erect and become stable within 5 minutes.
C. the horizon bar should be erect and become stable within 5 minutes.
Answer: (C) the horizon bar should be erect and become stable within 5 minutes.
(Flight Instruments)
During normal coordinated turns, what error due to precession should you observe when rolling out to straight and level flight from 180 degree steep turn to the right?
A. a straight and level coordinated flight indication
B. the miniature aircraft would show a slight turn indication to the left.
C. the miniature aircraft would show a slight descent and wings level attitude.
Answer: (B) the miniature aircraft would show a slight turn indication to the left.
If a 180 degree steep turn is made to the right and the aircraft is rolled out to straight and level flight by visual references, the miniature aircraft will show a slight climb and turn to the left.
(Flight Instruments)
The rate of descent on the glide slope is dependent upon?
Ground speed
(Flight Instruments)
Which instruments should be used to make pitch correction when you have deviated from your assigned altitude?
A. Altimeter and VSI
B. Manifold pressure gauge and VSI
C. Attitude indicator, altimeter, and VSI
Answer: (C) Attitude indicator, altimeter, and VSI
(Flight Instruments)
If both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system are blocked what airspeed indication can be expected?
A. Increase of indicated airspeed during a climb.
B. Decrease of indicated airspeed during a climb.
C. Constant indicated airspeed during any change in altitude.
Answer: (A) Increase of indicated airspeed during a climb.
(Flight Instruments)
On what heading will the magnetic compass read most accurately during a level 360 degree turn, with a bank of approximately 15 degrees?
A. 135 through 225
B. 90 to 270
C. 180 to 0
Answer: (B) 90 to 270
Lag or lead diminishes as a turn progresses toward east or west where there is no turn error.
(Flight Instruments)
The PFD receives attitude and heading data from the?
A. AHRS
B. Vacuum System
C. Pitot static system
Answer: (A) AHRS
the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) is the engine that drives the attitude display. The AHRS unit is capable of precisely tracking minute changes in the pitch, bank, and yaw axis, thereby making the PFD very accurate and reliable.
(Flight Instrument)
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left form a west heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
A. The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right.
B. The compass will remain on west for a short time, then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
C. The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
Answer: (C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
(Flight Instruments)
Errors in both pitch and bank indication on the attitude indicator are usually at a maximum as the aircraft rolls out of a ?
A. 180 degree turn
B. 270 degree turn
C. 360 degree turn
Answer: (C) 180 degree turn
(Flight Instruments)
What pretakeoff check should be made of a vacuum driven heading indicator in preparation for an IFR flight?
A. After 5 minutes, set the indicator to the magnetic heading of the aircraft and check for proper alignment.
B. After 5 minutes, check that the heading indicator card aligns itself with the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
C. Determine that the heading indicator does not precess more than 2 degrees in 5 minutes of ground operation.
Answer: (A) After 5 minutes, set the indicator to the magnetic heading of the aircraft and check for proper alignment.
(Flight Instruments)
When airspeed is increased in a turn, what must be done to maintain a constant altitude?
A. Decrease the angle of bank.
B. Increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the pitch attitude.
C. Decrease the angle of bank.
Answer: (B) Increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the pitch attitude.
(Flight Instruments)
What does the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator directly display?
A. Rate of roll and rate of turn.
B. Angle of bank and rate of turn.
C. Angle of bank.
Answer: (A) Rate of turn and rate of roll
(Flight Instruments)
If you need to use an alternate static source during level flight, you can expect to see?
A. a higher indication on the altimeter.
B. a momentary descent on the VSI
C. a lower indicated airspeed
Answer: (A) A higher indication on the altimeter.
(Flight Instruments)
What force causes an airplane to turn?
Horizontal lift component
(Flight Instruments)
If a half standard rate turn is maintained, how long will it take to turn 360 degrees?
4 minutes
Note: a standard rate turn is 2 minutes to make a full revolution of 360 degrees.
(Flight Instruments)
For maintaining level flight at constant thrust, which instrument would be the least appropriate for determining the need for a pitch change?
A. Altimeter
B. VSI
C’. Attitude indicator
Answer: (C) Attitude indicator
(Flight Instruments)
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass when you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from a south heading in the northern hemisphere?
The compass will indicate a turn to the left, but at a faster rate than is actually happening.
(Flight Instruments)
The glide slope and localizer are centered, but the airspeed is too fast. Which should be adjusted initially?
A. Pitch and power
B. power only
C. Pitch only
Answer: (B) Power only
(Flight Instruments)
Below 18,000’ pressure altitude can be easily obtained by simply?
Setting the altimeter to 29.92
(Flight Instruments)
What instrument would you consult to recover from an unusual attitude after the failure of the attitude indicator?
A. Turn indicator and VSI
B. Airspeed, VSI, and altimeter
C. VSI and airspeed to detect approaching Vmo
Answer: (B) Airspeed, VSI, and altimeter
(Flight Instruments)
Conditions that determine the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight are:
A. Airspeed, air density, wing design, and angle of attack.
B. Flight path, wind velocity, and angle of attack.
C. Relative wind, pressure altitude, and vertical lift component.
Answer: (A) Airspeed, air density, wing design, and angle of attack.
(Flight Instruments)
To level off at an airspeed higher than the descent speed, the addition of power should be made, assuming a 500 FPM rate of descent, at approximately?
100 to 150 feet above the desired altitude.
(Flight Instruments)
Each person operating an aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out must operate with this equipment:
A. In transmit mode at all times
B. When on an IFR flight plan
C. When on a VFR flight plan
Answer: (A) In transmit mode at all times
(Flight Instruments)
alternate venting in case of clogging will make the VSI do what?
Show a momentary climb
(Flight Instruments)
Which instrument indicates the quality of a turn?
A. Attitude indicator
B. Heading indicator or magnetic compass
C. Ball of the turn coordinator
Answer: (C) Ball of the turn coordinator (also known as the inclinometer)
(Flight Instruments)
The rate of turn at any airspeed is dependent upon?
The horizontal lift component
(Flight Instruments)
When the aircraft accelerates, the attitude indicator may precess and incorrectly indicate a?
Climb
(Flight Instruments)
The primary reason the angle of attack must be increased, to maintain a constant altitude during a coordinated turn, is because?
The vertical component of lift has decreased as the result of the bank
(Flight Instruments)
One characteristic that a properly functioning gyro depends upon for operation is the?
Resistance to deflection of the spinning wheel or disc
(Flight Instruments)
If the outside air temperature increases during a flight at constant power and at a constant indicated altitude, the true airspeed will?
increase and the true altitude will increase
as temperature increases, pressure levels increase. An increase in pressure causes true airspeed and true altitude to increase.
(Flight Instruments)
How can you determine the pressure altitude on an airport without tower or FSS?
Set the altimeter to 29.92 and read the altitude indicated
