Private Pilot Ground School Flashcards
Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM)
The art of managing all onboard and outside resources available to a pilot before and during a flight to help ensure a safe and successful outcome.
The six pillars of SRM:
1. ADM
2. Risk management
3. Task management
4. Automation management
5. Controlled flight into terrain awareness
6. Situational awareness
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
The effective use of all available resources for flight crew personnel to assure a safe and efficient operation, reducing error, avoiding stress and increasing efficiency.
5 elements of crew resource management:
1. Communication
2. Situational awareness
3. Decision making
4. Teamwork
5. Barriers
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
ADM/Risk Management Process (6 point list)
Identify hazards
Assess risks
Analyze controls
Make control decisions
Use controls
Monitor results
IMSAFE
I : Illness
M : Medication
S : Stress
A : Alcohol
F : Fatigue
E : Emotions
E : Eating
Hazardous Attitudes
Macho : Taking chances is foolish.
Invulnerability : It could happen to me.
Resignation : I am not helpless. I can make a difference.
Anti-Authority : Follow the rules. They are usually right.
Impulsivity : Not so fast. Think first.
PAVE
P : Pilot
A : Aircraft
V : Environment
E : External Factors
Aircraft: ARROW (required documents to fly)
A. Airworthiness Certificate
R. Registration Certificate
R. Radio Station License
O. Operating Manual
W. Weight and Balance
Pilot: IMSAFE
I. Illness
M. Medication
S. Stress
A. Alcohol
F. Fatigue
E. Emotions
E. Eating
5 P’s for risk evaluation
Plan
Plane
Pilot
Passengers
Programming
Do-List
A do list and a checklist are very similar both include a physical list that gets referenced. For the do list all the actions occur before referencing the checklist.
In this way the checklist acts as a redundancy.
Flow Pattern
A flow pattern is simply a logical pathway across the panel or panels that will guide you to the systems that need reconfiguring for each phase of flight. Each phase of flight will have a different flow pattern.
A flow pattern is a useful tool that can be used to enter a new phase of flight as well as perform routine checks on the aircraft. Essential in emergency procedures.
This type of ‘checklist’ should be used instead of consulting a written list in times that require speed.
Situational Awareness
Smooth brain version: The accurate perception and understanding of all factors and conditions that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.
Full FAA definition: The accurate perception and understanding of all factors and conditions within the five fundamental risk elements (flight, pilot, aircraft, environment, and type of operation tha comprise any given aviation situation) that affect safety before, during, and after flight.
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle.
Most CFIT accidents occur in the approach and landing phase of flight and are often associated with non precision approaches.
A loss of situation awareness is a primary cause for CFIT
Two primary purposes of a checklist
- To make sure you don’t forget some critical item during any particular operation.
- To make the operation redundant.
What is a Checklist/Do-list
Two types of checklists:
- Challenge and response checklists.
-Read and do lists
A written list that supports flight crew airmanship and memory and ensure that all required actions are performed without omission and in an orderly manner. (applies to both types of checklists.)
Define: Hazard
A real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters.
Define: Risk
An assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot.
however, different pilots see hazards differently.
ATOMATOFLAMES
An acronym for the equipment needed on board an aircraft for VFR flight. FAR 91.205
A. Airspeed Indicator
T. Tachometer
O. Oil Pressure Gauge
M. Manifold Pressure Gauge
A. Altimeter
T. Temperature Gauge
O. Oil Temperature Gauge
F. Fuel Gauge
F. Flotation Devices (for flight ops that take the aircraft 50 NM from shore.)
L. Landing Gear Position Indicator
A. Anti-Collision Lights
M. Magnetic Compass
E. Emergency Location Transmitter (ELT)
S. Safety Belts
ATOMATOFLAMES - FLAPS
An acronym for the equipment needed on board an aircraft for VFR flight at night. FAR 91.205
F. Fuses
L. Landing Light
A. Anti-collision lights
P. Position lights
S. Source of power
AV1ATES
Is a system of reminders on the necessary inspection and maintenance tasks for keeping an aircraft airworthy.
A. Annual Inspection
V. VOR check (30 days)
1. 100 Hour Inspection
A. Airworthiness Directives
T. Transponder Check (24 months)
E. ELT (Inspected every 12, battery replaced at half it lifespan or after one hour of use.)
S. Static System Check
Preflight Actions - FAR 91.103
NWKRAFTT
Used as a tool that assists pilots in remembering information such as runway lengths, weather conditions, and anything additional needed for their flight plans. Specifics can be found in the FAR/AIM.
N. NOTAMS
W. Weather
K. Known Air Traffic Control Delays
R. Runway Lengths
A. Alternate Airport
F. Fuel
T. Takeoff and Landing Distance
T. TFR (Temporary Flight Restriction)
SAFETY
The acronym to use for a proper passenger briefing.
S. Seat Belts
A. Air Ventilation
F. Fire Extinguisher
E. Emergency Procedures
T. Air Traffic
Y. Your Questions
ANC
A. Aviate
N. Navigate
C. Communicate
5 T’s for Holds
T. Turn
T. Time
T. Twist
T. Throttle
T. Talk
DECIDE
D. Detect
E. Estimate
C. Choose
I. Identify
D. Do
E. Evaluate
Compass Error
Acceleration: ANDS
Accelerate North Decelerate South
Compass Error
Dips: UNOS
Undershoot North Overshoot South
Define: Trim Tabs
Small secondary flight control surfaces that are attached to the trailing edge of a larger, primary control surface such as an elevator or rudder.
Four forces of flight
Weight - Lift
Drag - Thrust
To be in unaccelerated flight all forces must be equal.
Axis of flight
Lateral - Pitch - Elevators
Longitudinal - Roll - Ailerons
Vertical - Yaw - Rudder
Define: Axes of Motion
Each axis of flight is an imaginary line around which an airplane can turn.
Think of an airplane rotating around an axis like a wheel rotates around an axle.
Rudder
Where is it located on the aircraft?
What is the primary purpose of a rudder?
The rudder is located on the tail of the aircraft.
Unlike a boat, however, it is not the primary method of steering. Its main purpose is to counteract the drag caused by the lowered aileron during a turn.
This adverse yaw, as it is known, causes the nose of the airplane to point away, or outwards, from the direction of the turn. The rudder helps to correct this by pushing the nose in the correct direction, maintaining what is known as coordinated flight.
Note: Rudder controls the Yaw of the aircraft.
What is the purpose generally for ailerons and where are they located.
The ailerons are located at the rear of the wing, one on each side.
They work opposite to each other; so when one is raised, the other is lowered. Their job is to increase the lift on one wing while reducing the lift on the other. By doing this, they roll the aircraft sideways, which allows the aircraft to turn.
This is the primary method of steering a fixed wing aircraft.
Elevator/Pitch
Where is it located?
What are the two purposes an elevator serves?
The elevator helps elevate the aircraft. It is usually located on the tail of the aircraft and serves two purposes.
the first is to provide stability by producing a downward force on the tail. (Airplanes are traditionally nose heavy and the downward force is required to compensate for that.)
the second is to direct the nose of the aircraft either upwards or downwards, known as pitch, in order to make the airplane climb or descend.
Newtons first law of motion: the law of inertia
If a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.
Newtons second law of motion: force
Hint: Formula
Force = Mass(Acceleration)
F=MA
Newtons third law of motion: The law of action and reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.
Ground Effect
The positive influence on the lifting characteristics of the horizontal surfaces of an aircraft wing when it is close to the ground.
Occurs when an aircraft flies over a surface at an altitude of less than half its wingspan.
Induced Drag
Created as a result of lift.
As your wing passes through the air, an area of lower air pressure is formed on top of the wing.
Wingtip Vortices
The result of high pressure air seeking equilibrium with the lower pressure air on top of the wing.
High pressure air below the wing creates vortices as it moves to the lower pressure air.
These vortices change the direction and speed of the airflow behind the trailing edge of the wing. The airflow deflects downward, which is called downwash.
Radiation Fog
Caused by cooling of the ground, which cools the surrounding air to its dew point.
Common both at night and dawn
This fog tends to burn off when the sun heats up the ground and air.
The best conditions for radiation fog to form are clear skies, little to no wind, and high relative humidity.
Advection Fog
Caused by moist air moving over cooler ground or water.
It’s most common along the coast, as sea breeze blows moist air over land.
This type of fog is very common in the pacific northwest, and is usually much more persistent than radiation fog.
Steam Fog
Steam fog forms when cold and dry air moves over warm water.
Common during cold weather months.
This type of fog tends to be very low level, affecting seaplane pilots and pilots flying on runways next to the water.
