Native American Civil Rights III - BOOKLET ONLY Flashcards
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The Seige of Alcatraz successes
- Raising awareness - significant national and international attention on issues like broken treaties, povertty and cultural suppression
- Unity and identity - became a symbol for indigenous resistance
- Ended the era of termination policy and Nixon’s administration responded with the 1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act
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The Seige of Alcatraz failures
- Lack of concrete outcomes - occupation did not ultimately lead to the transfer of Alcatraz island to NAs
- Internal challenges - organisation issues as living conditions deteriorayed from limited supply
- Gov stance was hardline, eventually cutting off utilities and removing the remaining activists in June 1791
- Short Term Focus - lacked a clear long term strategy for sustaining the momentum passed the occupation
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The Seige of Alcatraz - Black power influences
- Both emphasised the need to take action of their own destiny away from government shaped systems - empowerment and self determination to restore cultural pride
- Adopted similar tactics of direct action and media tactics - focuses on youth urban activism
Occupation of Mount Rushmore significance and results
- An attempt to reassert the ownership of the sacred burial grounds of the Lakota Sioux Indians - AIM protesters set up camp below the famous scriptures of Washington - fail - protesters were eventually evicted and ownership of the territory is still disputed
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AIM took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington and DC significance and results
- With a presidential election imminent, its purpose was to raiseawareness of the plight of NA as a result of unjust treatment since the middle of the 19th century
- Intended to be peaceful but failed as violence broke out when attempts were made to evict the protesters
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Occupation of Wounded Knee significance and results
- Protest arose following allegations of suspect financial dealings of President of the Reservation and maltreatment of its inhabitants
- Lots of violence - US Court Judge blamed federal authorities for fatalities
- Success - highly publicised protests raised awareness and past injustices and undoubtly influential - still had slow implimentation
1976 Fisher V Montana
- Secured the right of tribal courts to decide all cases relating to the adoption of Indian children
- Secured family stability
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1986 Charrier V Bell
- NARF lawyers secured the agreement of the courts that remains dug from the ground in Louisiana belonged to the NA community
- 1990 NA Graves Protection and Repatration Act established because of this
- Over 30 states passed laws protecting Indian Burial grounds and remains - requiring respect
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Nixon famous acts
- Appointed Louis R Bruce Jnr as commissioner for Indian Affairs (Mohawk) - BIA systematic issues remained - dismissed 1973 - failed to deal with 6 day occupation of 500 protesting NAs
- Increased funding of BIA by 214% - pledged to return Indian lands and comdemned termination - reutnred sacred lands of the Blue Lake to the Taos Pueblo - recognised rights and way of seeking redress through fed. courts
- ‘Forgotten American community’ - 49M acres restored and 1B compensation
- Supreme Court didn’t scratch the surface of long terms claims resettling
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Ford famous acts
- Indian Self Determination Act 1975 - allowed tribes to take control of federal programs such as health, welfare, education
- Indian Education Assistance Act - ensured culturally relevant curriculum and addressed education disparities
BUT federal funding is cut
‘Native capitalism as a means to establish self-suffeciency’
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Coolidge achievements and impact
- Indian Citizenship Act 1924
- Support for BIA
- Continued land and resource loss - focused on assimilation rather than preserving NA culture of promoting self governance
Roosevelt achievements and impact
- Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 - some degree of self governance back, but with limited resource to do so, increased autonomy of tribal governments
- WPA and CCC - job creation
- Indian Arts and Crafts Act 1935
- Some strides to self governance but limitations
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Reagan achievements and impact
- Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 1988 but cut funding from federal support
- Expressed a preference for termination
- Controversial - seen as setback towards NA rigths and sov. despite promoting some econ. development
1865-1923 neither the gov nor the NA aided progress for the rights of NA - agree
- Gov was more concerned with assimilating the NAs into US society and destroying self determination
- Manifest Destiny prevalent
- Divisions between tribes and poor leadership which gov. could exploit
Progress made in 1924-1968 was more due to fed. gov than the NA - agree
- Granted citizenship and New Deal
- Meriam Report
Between 1969-1992 NA civil rights improved dramatically primarily due to a new found unity - agree
- Indian Youth Council
- Occupation of Alctraz and Wouned Knee
- Could exert pressure on the gov.
1974 Oneida v Oneida and Madison Counties New York
Establushed the return of the Oneida land back to the tribe and spurred other land claims from other tribes, especially in the east
1980 United States v Sioux Nation
- Ruled that Sioux Indians were entitled to compensation totalling 5% interest per year since 1877 for the loss of the Black Hills
- Sioux refused to accept their money, they wanted their land back
1982 Seminole Tribe v Butterworth
- Tribe had the right to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation land even if they are banned on state
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1865-1923 neither the gov nor the NA aided progress for the rights of NA - disagree
- Method of acheiving changed from reservations to allotment
- Indirectly helped tribal life
- Assimilation was meant to improve their lives
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Progress made in 1924-1968 was more due to fed. gov than the NA - disagree
- NA did not want this - short lived from WW2
- Gov. still pursuing assimilation and made worse through termination
- Changing attitudes among US population
- Higher unity from NAs - pressure groups like NCAI
Between 1969-1992 NA civil rights improved dramatically primarily due to a new found unity - disagree
- Residency of Nixon is seen as a turning point - abandoned assimilation
- Decisions of Supreme Court crucial
