Native American Civil Rights III - BOOKLET ONLY

Question 1

3

The Seige of Alcatraz successes

Answer 1

• Raising awareness - significant national and international attention on issues like broken treaties, povertty and cultural suppression
• Unity and identity - became a symbol for indigenous resistance
• Ended the era of termination policy and Nixon’s administration responded with the 1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act

Question 2

4

The Seige of Alcatraz failures

Answer 2

• Lack of concrete outcomes - occupation did not ultimately lead to the transfer of Alcatraz island to NAs
• Internal challenges - organisation issues as living conditions deteriorayed from limited supply
• Gov stance was hardline, eventually cutting off utilities and removing the remaining activists in June 1791
• Short Term Focus - lacked a clear long term strategy for sustaining the momentum passed the occupation

Question 3

2

The Seige of Alcatraz - Black power influences

Answer 3

• Both emphasised the need to take action of their own destiny away from government shaped systems - empowerment and self determination to restore cultural pride
• Adopted similar tactics of direct action and media tactics - focuses on youth urban activism

Question 4

Occupation of Mount Rushmore significance and results

Answer 4

• An attempt to reassert the ownership of the sacred burial grounds of the Lakota Sioux Indians - AIM protesters set up camp below the famous scriptures of Washington - fail - protesters were eventually evicted and ownership of the territory is still disputed

Question 5

2

AIM took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington and DC significance and results

Answer 5

• With a presidential election imminent, its purpose was to raiseawareness of the plight of NA as a result of unjust treatment since the middle of the 19th century
• Intended to be peaceful but failed as violence broke out when attempts were made to evict the protesters

Question 6

3

Occupation of Wounded Knee significance and results

Answer 6

• Protest arose following allegations of suspect financial dealings of President of the Reservation and maltreatment of its inhabitants
• Lots of violence - US Court Judge blamed federal authorities for fatalities
• Success - highly publicised protests raised awareness and past injustices and undoubtly influential - still had slow implimentation

Question 7

1976 Fisher V Montana

Answer 7

• Secured the right of tribal courts to decide all cases relating to the adoption of Indian children
• Secured family stability

Question 8

3

1986 Charrier V Bell

Answer 8

• NARF lawyers secured the agreement of the courts that remains dug from the ground in Louisiana belonged to the NA community
• 1990 NA Graves Protection and Repatration Act established because of this
• Over 30 states passed laws protecting Indian Burial grounds and remains - requiring respect

Question 9

4

Nixon famous acts

Answer 9

• Appointed Louis R Bruce Jnr as commissioner for Indian Affairs (Mohawk) - BIA systematic issues remained - dismissed 1973 - failed to deal with 6 day occupation of 500 protesting NAs
• Increased funding of BIA by 214% - pledged to return Indian lands and comdemned termination - reutnred sacred lands of the Blue Lake to the Taos Pueblo - recognised rights and way of seeking redress through fed. courts
• ‘Forgotten American community’ - 49M acres restored and 1B compensation
• Supreme Court didn’t scratch the surface of long terms claims resettling

Question 10

3

Ford famous acts

Answer 10

• Indian Self Determination Act 1975 - allowed tribes to take control of federal programs such as health, welfare, education
• Indian Education Assistance Act - ensured culturally relevant curriculum and addressed education disparities

BUT federal funding is cut
‘Native capitalism as a means to establish self-suffeciency’

Question 11

3

Coolidge achievements and impact

Answer 11

• Indian Citizenship Act 1924
• Support for BIA
• Continued land and resource loss - focused on assimilation rather than preserving NA culture of promoting self governance

Question 12

Roosevelt achievements and impact

Answer 12

• Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 - some degree of self governance back, but with limited resource to do so, increased autonomy of tribal governments
• WPA and CCC - job creation
• Indian Arts and Crafts Act 1935
• Some strides to self governance but limitations

Question 13

3

Reagan achievements and impact

Answer 13

• Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 1988 but cut funding from federal support
• Expressed a preference for termination
• Controversial - seen as setback towards NA rigths and sov. despite promoting some econ. development

Question 14

1865-1923 neither the gov nor the NA aided progress for the rights of NA - agree

Answer 14

• Gov was more concerned with assimilating the NAs into US society and destroying self determination
• Manifest Destiny prevalent
• Divisions between tribes and poor leadership which gov. could exploit

Question 15

Progress made in 1924-1968 was more due to fed. gov than the NA - agree

Answer 15

• Granted citizenship and New Deal
• Meriam Report

Question 16

Between 1969-1992 NA civil rights improved dramatically primarily due to a new found unity - agree

Answer 16

• Indian Youth Council
• Occupation of Alctraz and Wouned Knee
• Could exert pressure on the gov.

Question 17

1974 Oneida v Oneida and Madison Counties New York

Answer 17

Establushed the return of the Oneida land back to the tribe and spurred other land claims from other tribes, especially in the east

Question 18

1980 United States v Sioux Nation

Answer 18

• Ruled that Sioux Indians were entitled to compensation totalling 5% interest per year since 1877 for the loss of the Black Hills
• Sioux refused to accept their money, they wanted their land back

Question 19

1982 Seminole Tribe v Butterworth

Answer 19

• Tribe had the right to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation land even if they are banned on state

Question 20

3

1865-1923 neither the gov nor the NA aided progress for the rights of NA - disagree

Answer 20

• Method of acheiving changed from reservations to allotment
• Indirectly helped tribal life
• Assimilation was meant to improve their lives

Question 21

4

Progress made in 1924-1968 was more due to fed. gov than the NA - disagree

Answer 21

• NA did not want this - short lived from WW2
• Gov. still pursuing assimilation and made worse through termination
• Changing attitudes among US population
• Higher unity from NAs - pressure groups like NCAI

Question 22

Between 1969-1992 NA civil rights improved dramatically primarily due to a new found unity - disagree

Answer 22

• Residency of Nixon is seen as a turning point - abandoned assimilation
• Decisions of Supreme Court crucial