Nationalities Flashcards
Communists- Cultural Freedoms +
1920s- Lenin used policy of Nativisation, particularly allowed Jews cultural autonomy
Khrushchev- allows Catholicisim and more national identity in Poland
Cultural Freedoms- Czars - (Poland & Ukraine)
Russification of Poland after 1863 revolt- Milyutin placed in charge, Catholicism suppressed, education in Russian, all Polish books removed from schools, Warsaw University closed, considered a part of Russia
Ukraine- Russian made language of administration, Ukrainian publication banned in 1876, language outlawed, Stolypin closed all cultural centres
Cultural Freedoms- Czars -
N2 disbanded Finnish army and currency, suppressed Finnish identity, A3 and N2 heavily Russified Baltic states, A2 forcibly dissolved Armenian and Georgian churches, A3 suppressed Jews- restrictions on movement, education, military, suffrage, etc.
Cultural Freedoms- Czars +
A2 initially allowed Polish cultural expression- given Archbishop, reopened Warsaw University- similar in Ukraine
Finland- A2 granted Diet, own currency, local administration, army, considered a founding father
A2 relaxed restrictions on Jews
Limited Russification in Central and East Asia
Cultural Freedoms- Communists -
Jews- persecuted after WW2, repression of culture and practicing faith
Stalin and Khrushchev Russified Baltic States and Ukraine- church banned in 1946, repression of Islam in Caucasus and Central Asia
Political Freedoms- Communists +
Decree on Nationalities & 1936 Constitution- USSR is voluntary union of “independent” republics
Khrushchev gave more political autonomy to Poland and Ukraine
Stalin failed annexation of Finland
Lenin abolished Pale of Settlement
Tito kept political autonomy in Yugoslavia, Nagy had some in Hungary
Cultural Freedoms- Czars -
Milyutin placed in charge of Poland, gradually inducted into Russia, Ukraine forcibly Russified, N2 placed Borbikov in charge of Finland (assassinated), also disbanded Finnish army and currency
A3 and N2 increased political control over Baltic States
Caucasus annexed in 1864
No representation of Central Asian or Caucasian Muslims in the Duma
Political Freedoms- Czars +
A2 initially appointed PM in Poland- Wielopolski, granted Finnish Diet and local administration
Duma created- nationalities have right to vote for political parties- brief significant representation from Ukraine, Poland and Jews
Baltic States enjoyed prosperity under A2
Political Freedoms- Communists -
Nations theoretically politically independent with freedom to leave- realistically an authoritarian state (states retaken during Civil War that were lost at Brest-Litovsk)
No political parties to vote for
Poland occupied, became satellite with close oversight from Moscow
Other satellites after WW2- Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, etc.
Closure of East Germany and Berlin
Use of Repression- Communists +
Destalinisation- less repression of Ukrainians, Khrushchev rehabilitated people deported under Stalin
Nativisation under Lenin
Use of Repression- Czars -
Repression of Polish revolt, 1863, political repression in Finland, ethnic cleansing of Muslims in Caucasus by A2, A2 seized Central Asian lands by force, continued repression of Jews
Use of Repression- Czars +
No repression needed in Finland under A2 at least
Restrictions on Jews relaxed under A2
Use of Repression- Communists -
Repression and mass killings in Caucasus under Lenin and Stalin, tens of thousands of Jews killed in 1920s
Purges in 1930s, Ukrainian famine, deportation of minorities (500k from Baltics, 500k from Caucasus, 400k from Poland), Katyn Massacre in Poland, 1939- 22k killed
Volga Germans did not benefit from Khrushchev’s rehabilitation
Political repression in Hungary, 1956, and in Czechoslovakia
East German uprising, 1953- 513 killed
600k Hungarians deported during WW2
