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Crusades Flashcards

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1
Q

Calling of First Crusade Extra Information

A

Great Schism, 1054, HRE Henry IV appointed own Pope, 1076, Investiture contest. Most important is influence and rift, 1095, Alexios possibly planning invasion

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2
Q

Reasons for Collapse of Crusader States

A

(Divisions within ruling elite, Reynald of Chatillon, military failures 1887)- group into Crusader Weaknesses
Growing Muslim strength of unity
Lack of Western and Byzantine support+ shortage of manpower and resources

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3
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Increase Influence and Heal Rift

A

Not proven or mentioned + other factors

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4
Q

Crusader States- Western Aid

A

Genoa- given 1/3 of Arsuf, Caesarea and Acre, helped siege Acre, controlled large portion of trade. Venice- helped capture Tyre and Sidon, Crusade of 1101, Norwegian Crusade- helped siege Sidon

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5
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence Against Death of Barbarossa

A

Crusaders still had large, capable army- Acre, Arsuf Jaffa. Would not necessarily have solved P-R dispute (had been on bad terms even before Crusade)

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6
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence Against Leadership of Richard I

A

Victory at Acre, two year siege instantly ended- diplomacy before violence
Victory at Arsuf (reacted, not planned), defeated siege of Jaffa
Treaty of Jaffa- kept Acre and Jaffa

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7
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence For Muslim Strength

A

Forces and resources of Egypt and Syria, defended Jerusalem

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8
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Muslim Weakness

A

Muslim world divided, power vacuum after Malik Shah, local warlords, Seljuks taking lands, Sunni vs Shi’a, Kilij Arslan underestimated Crusader force, Fatimid relief force decimated afterwards, Kerbogha disorganised+ desertions, no Syrian opposition- (conc. Muslim weakness and disunity)

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9
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Crusader Leadership and Tactics

A

Bohemund won Dorylaeum, Godfrey won Jerusalem, Bohemund won Antioch

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10
Q

Reasons for the Success of the First Crusade

A

Muslim Weakness and Disunity, Byzantine Aid, Crusader Strengths (Crusader Leadership and Tactics, Crusader Motivation, Strength of Crusader Army)

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11
Q

Why did people go on the First Crusade?

A

Material gain, spiritual gain, social reasons

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12
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence For Lack of Resources

A

Barbarossa’s army left, Saladin had Egypt and Syria, may have been reason for failed sieges on Jerusalem

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13
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Strength of Crusader Army

A

Aided by Byzantium at Nicaea, Antioch only won through betrayal, Kerbogha’s forces disunited, no challenge from Syrians

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14
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Evidence for Muslim Strength

A

Saladin united Syria and Egypt, took Damascus and Aleppo peacefully after Nur ad-Din had captured them
Took control of Egypt after 1164 invasion, gained Egyptian forces and resources
Nur ad-Din defeated RoA at Inab, 1149
30k vs 14k at Hattin
Saladin razed Jacob’s Ford, 1179- Jihad strengthened after illness in 85-86

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15
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Material Gain

A

Huge cost- more likely to lose than gain. Many firstborns with land participated- e.g. Stephen of Blois. ‘Handful stayed’ in East, ‘none came home laden with riches’. Many made donations, Godfrey mortgaged everything, 5x annual income to cover costs, supplying arms, etc.

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16
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence Against Muslim Strength

A

-Lost at Acre, Arsuf, Jaffa, prepared to leave and lose Jerusalem, Saladin’s reputation diminished

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17
Q

Consequences of the Third Crusade for the Islamic World

A

Saladin disbands armies 1192, dies 1193
Disappointment at continued Christian presence in Syria and Palestine
Civil wars among Ayyabids- successors of Saladin
Resisted two Christian attacks on Egypt

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18
Q

First Crusade- Social Reasons

A

Nature of feudal system- obligation to follow lord, reputation- enhanced status on return, love of fighting, exporting violence, racial hatred, help Christians in East

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19
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence For Death of Barbarossa

A

Had largest army- mostly went home, older than R1 and P2, could have led siege on Jerusalem

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20
Q

First Crusade- Evidence for Response to Alexios

A

Urban’s speech at Clermont, historians wrote about suffering of Eastern Christians, advancement of Turks on Byzantium, Turks has been sacking churches and moving on Byzantium

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21
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Crusader Leadership and Tactics

A

Stephen of Blois deserted, feud between Raymond and Bohemund, Raymond made deals with Fatimids, loyalty of army shifted back and forth. Had support at Nicaea, betrayal at Antioch, other factors, etc.

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22
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Material Gain

A

Promises by Urban- ‘you will despoil their treasuries’. Famine in France, 1096. Crusaders ‘cherished a desire for Byzantium’. Land hunger of younger sons (Bohemund)

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23
Q

Reasons for Calling the First Crusade

A

Response to Alexios, Increase influence and heal rift, Peace of God

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24
Q

Second Crusade- Poor Leadership

A

Conrad couldn’t feed army, camp flooded, didn’t wait for Louis in Anatolia, had to retreat at Damascus, no prior contact with Crusader States, Conrad had to turn back past Dorylaeum, Louis abandoned army after Mount Cadmus, Conrad blamed Baldwin III for Damascus.

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25
Q

Second Crusade- Poor Relations with Byzantium

A

Crusader success would have weakened Byzantium, Roger of Sicily more likely to attack with Conrad gone- Manuel suspicious, Louis allied with Roger. Crusaders not invited by Manuel, who agreed treaty with Turks. Manuel did send shipping and guides, of limited use

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26
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Crusader Motivation

A

Desertions (i.e. Peter the Hermit), closed gates of Antioch to stop desertion, betrayal at Antioch, luck against Kerbogha, no challenge from Syrians, less potent factor

27
Q

Reasons for Failure of Second Crusade

A

Muslim Strengths, Crusader Weaknesses (Poor leadership, no clear aim, poor relations with Crusader States), Logistical Difficulties+ poor relations with Byzantium

28
Q

Reasons for Survival of Crusader States

A

Western Aid, Muslim disunity, Ability of Early Rulers + Castles and Military Orders

29
Q

First Crusade- Evidence for Byzantine Support

A

Helped in victory at Nicaea, aided by Tatikios, Alexios made for Antioch

30
Q

Problems Facing Crusader States

A

Growing Muslim strength and unity
Internal divisions/weak leadership

31
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Response to Alexios

A

Appeal provided moment but not reason, no sudden recent atrocity- Asbridge. Power vacuum in Anatolia, attack possibly already planned

32
Q

Consequences of the Third Crusade for the Outremer

A

Richard’s victories had lost Muslims important territories and re-established Frankish states (capture of Acre- large commercial centre, Cyprus added- wealth and base)
Treaty of Jaffa acted as model for diplomacy- more truces for 60 years
Maria succeeds to throne (daughter of Isabella)

33
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence Against Leadership Rivalry

A

Most of Philip’s men stayed, successfully sieged Acre together on arrival, siege of Jerusalem called off for lack of resources

34
Q

Consequences of the Third Crusade

A

For the Outremer
For the Western World
For the Islamic World

35
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Spiritual Gain

A

Personal piety, described in charters, importance of pilgrimage, remission of sins usually closed to knights (conc. spiritual)

36
Q

Crusader States- Ability of Early Rulers

A

Baldwin I- 1100-1118. Took Acre, Beirut, Sidon, built Montreal, stabilised balance of power. Baldwin II- 1118-1131, led 19 campaigns, Godfrey defeated relief force at Ascalon. Roger of Antioch- Battle of Field of Blood

37
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Evidence Against Divisions within Ruling Elite

A

Victory at Montgisard, Beirut, etc.
Leadership of Baldwins mostly successful, indirect failures

38
Q

Crusader States Problems- Internal Divisions

A

+ Factionalism, Guy vs Raymond, succession crisis

  • Nobility mostly loyal, able to mobilise nobility- not much of a problem in first half of century
39
Q

Second Crusade- Poor Relations with Crusader States

A

No consultation or communication between kings and Crusader States, Louis vs Raymond, Conrad blamed Baldwin III for Damascus, Raymond wanted Aleppo, Louis declined

40
Q

Crusader States- Muslim Disunity

A

Armies remained disunited for 50 years. Fatimid Egyptian Shi’ites had no common purpose with Sunni in Aleppo/Damascus. Hardly any Muslims called for rebellion, trade crucial for Crusaders, who couldn’t risk rebellion, merchants and labourers allowed. Alliances- Roger of Antioch with Tughtegin. Jihad slowly grew from 1119. Conc.- main reason.

41
Q

Second Crusade- Logistical Difficulties

A

Staggered start, poor harvest- struggled to raise funds, Conrad levied and asked Suger for money, 10 mph force of peasants, ran out of food at Dorylaeum

42
Q

Second Crusade- Lack of Clear Aim

A

Edessa destroyed, debates once they reached Holy Land, Bernard and Eugenius attacked Baltic Wends and Iberian Muslims. Conc. Crusader weakness- if broken down, lack of clear aim.

43
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Strength of Crusader Army

A

50k, joint forces won at Dorylaeum, 14k at Jerusalem, led by good leaders and tactics (likely to be grouped into Crusader Strengths

44
Q

Second Crusade- Muslim Strength

A

Nur-ad-Din gathered following, allied with Unar, constantly attacked Crusaders in Anatolia (Mt Cadmus, Dorylaeum, etc. Won at Damascus

45
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For: Increase Influence and Heal Rift

A

Proactive not reactive- Asbridge. Weak position & antipope Clement III. Influence of Gregory VII, wouldn’t be mentioned in speeches

46
Q

First Crusade- Evidence For Crusader Motivation

A

Victories (Nicaea, Dorylaeum), Holy Lance, Remission of sin, racial hatred

47
Q

Reasons for Limited Success of Third Crusade

A

(Death of Barbarossa, weakness of Christian position in Outremer, lack of manpower)- Crusader weakness
(Rivalry between Philip and Richard, leadership of Richard)- Poor leadership
Muslim strength

48
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Evidence against Muslim Strength

A

Defeated at Montgisard, 1177
Beirut, 1182
Failed siege of Kerak, 1183

49
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Lack of western aid and shortage of manpower

A

Failed appeal to Frederick of Tyre, 1169
Louis and Henry II refuse- 1181
Appeal by Heraclius, 1184- Pope issues bull, Philip refuses, Henry gave men and money but stayed

50
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Evidence For Divisions within Ruling Elite

A

Baldwin IV leper- not to have an heir
Succession crisis- Raymond of Tripoli and Baldwin’s mother Agnes
Guy-Sibylla marriage, Guy took throne (inexperienced, poor leader)
Raymond made truce with Saladin

51
Q

Crusader States- Castles

A

Kerak- Fulk, 1132, Krak de Chevalliers- Knights Hospitaller, 1142, Montreal- Baldwin I, 1115
Helped consolidate power

52
Q

Crusader States- Military Orders

A

Knights Templar, created 1119, HQ Temple Mount, Knights Hospitaller. Sieged Ascalon, blockaded Crusaders, were massacred

53
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Byzantine Support

A

No further support after Antioch, Tatikios deserted

54
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence Against Lack of Resources

A

Still had large, capable army- Acre, Arsuf, Jaffa
Saladin had resigned to defeat before 2nd siege- fear for Angevin lands that stopped Richard

55
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence For Leadership Rivalry

A

Already had poor relations, R1 had more French lands, both reluctant to leave before other
Richard sieged Sicily, 1190, supported Guy- Philip supported Conrad
Philip left Crusade, Richard then reluctant to attack for fear of lands being seized

56
Q

Limited Success of Third Crusade- Evidence For Leadership of Richard I

A

Sieged Sicily, supported Guy over Conrad, called off two sieges on Jerusalem, even when Saladin prepared to flee
Treaty of Jaffa- Saladin kept Jerusalem, Ascalon destroyed

57
Q

Crusader States Problems- Muslim Threat

A

+Increasing unity, Nur-ad-Din and Saladin
Capture of Edessa, BoFoB (1119), Inab (1149)

-Shi’a/Sunni divide, alliances (Roger of Antioch with Tughtegin)- Not much of a problem in first half of century

58
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Peace of God

A

Less potent motive+ other factors

59
Q

First Crusade- Evidence for Peace of God

A

Possibly mentioned in speech, Urban well aware of problem, in his interests

60
Q

Consequences of the Third Crusade for the Western World

A

Disappointment at failure to recapture Jerusalem- more calls for Crusade- 3rd Crusade highlighted importance of sea power and Egypt
Jerusalem- evidence of Christian sin and goal of devotion

61
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Spiritual Gain

A

Charters are partial sources, actions of some (Bohemund) during Crusade

62
Q

First Crusade- Evidence Against Muslim Weakness

A

Betrayal at Antioch, Crusaders saved at Dorylaeum

63
Q

Collapse of Crusader States- Reynald of Chatillon and Military Failures 1187

A

Reynald attacked caravan, broke truce, didn’t pay compensation, him and Ridefort convinced Guy to fight- massacre at Hattin
Knights Templar massacred, 500 vs 7k at Cresson

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