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History > Agriculture and Peasantry > Flashcards

Agriculture and Peasantry Flashcards

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1
Q

Working Conditions- Alexander II- Successes

A

None

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2
Q

Working Conditions- Alexander II- Failures

A

Emancipation left most in debt- redemption payments for 49 years
Land given sub-par, 75% given 4 dessyatinas instead of 5
Mir a barrier for agricultural innovation

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3
Q

Working Conditions- Alexander III- Successes

A

Peasant Land Bank created- provided funds for peasantry

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4
Q

Working Conditions- Alexander III- Failures

A

Agriculture remained largely stagnant, little change to problems caused by Alexander II

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5
Q

Working Conditions- Nicholas II- Successes

A

Stolypin’s reforms- strips could be consolidated, 2.8m households made private

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6
Q

Working Conditions- Nicholas II- Failures

A

Mir remained resilient despite Stolypin reforms

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7
Q

Working Conditions- Lenin- Successes

A

Decree on Land, 1917- peasants given right to seize and claim noble lands
NEP- end of grain requisitioning, free market for surplus, agricultural freedom from government interference- ‘Golden Age’

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8
Q

Working Conditions- Lenin- Failures

A

Grain requisitioning- peasant resistance met with violent oppression

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9
Q

Working Conditions- Stalin- Successes

A

More mechanisation

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10
Q

Working Conditions- Stalin- Failures

A

Collectivisation meant end of agricultural freedom from government interference- second serfdom

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11
Q

Working Conditions- Khrushchev- Successes

A

Investment in agriculture rose 250% from 53-58
Virgin Lands Scheme introduced- additional 36 hectares cultivated

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12
Q

Working Conditions- Khrushchev- Failures

A

Little incentive to work on collective farms

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13
Q

Working Conditions- Evaluation

A

Khrushchev lone successor in this area- NEP was Golden Age, but we cannot discount grain requisitioning
Communists > Czars

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14
Q

Living Conditions- Alexander II- Successes

A

Emancipation- freedom to own property, marry, establish businesses, etc.
Educational improvements

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15
Q

Living Conditions- Alexander II- Failures

A

Emancipation left most in debt- tied to land, insufficient land resulted in Land Hunger
Heavy taxation

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16
Q

Living Conditions- Alexander III- Successes

A

Abolition of Poll Tax

17
Q

Living Conditions- Alexander III- Failures

A

Famine of 1891- 350k dead, no government action
Population increase- resulted in impoverishment

18
Q

Living Conditions- Nicholas II- Successes

A

Support for migration to Siberia to solve Land Hunger
Stolypin- abolished redemption payments and peasant passports- freedom to create holdings independent from Mir
Educational improvements

19
Q

Living Conditions- Nicholas II- Failures

A

Land Hunger- 52% unable to survive on land on 1900
Heavy taxation

20
Q

Living Conditions- Lenin- Successes

A

Decree on Land- peasants given right to seize and claim noble lands
NEP- end of grain requisitioning, free market for surplus, good recovery after famine, benefited from trade through Nepmen- Golden Age

21
Q

Living Conditions- Lenin- Failures

A

Grain requisitioning- peasant opposition met with violent repression- famine of 1921- 5 million starved

22
Q

Living Conditions- Stalin- Successes

A

Educational improvements- male illiteracy at 4% in 1939
Campaign against Church had limited success

23
Q

Living Conditions- Stalin- Failures

A

Collectivisation- no agricultural freedom, second serfdom
1 million kulaks shot or imprisoned
Famine of 32-4, 4/5 mil dead
Attack on Church- 1 in 40 functioning by 1939
70k villages destroyed and millions dead from WW2

24
Q

Living Conditions- Khrushchev- Successes

A

Investment in agriculture rose 250% from 53-8
Taxation improved
Virgin Lands- 36 hectares cultivated

25
Q

Living Conditions- Khrushchev- Failures

A

None

26
Q

Living Conditions- Evaluation

A

A2 helped somewhat, Khrushchev made large steps forward
Lenin- introduced Golden Age of NEP- but also grain requisitioning
Communists = Czars

27
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Alexander II- Successes

A

Emancipation- 1861
Creation of zemstvo- 1864, gave local government

28
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Alexander II- Failures

A

Emancipation had little practical effect, Mir exerted tight control
Zemstvo very flawed- 1 gentry vote worth 40 peasant votes
Peasants had no political voice on a national scale

29
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Alexander III- Successes

A

Abolition of Poll Tax

30
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Alexander III- Failures

A

No change implemented

31
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Nicholas II- Successes

A

Duma- gave peasantry a national political voice
Stolypin’s reforms, 1905- redemption payments and peasant passports ended, peasant citizenship introduced, property could be passed to heirs, agricultural autonomy

32
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Nicholas II- Failures

A

Duma system gave very limited peasant influence
Mir remained existent and resilient

33
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Lenin- Successes

A

NEP- freedom to farm independent from government interference

34
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Lenin- Failures

A

Closure of Constituent Assembly in 1918- blow to peasantry
Peasant resistance to grain requisitioning harshly suppressed
Attack on Church

35
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Stalin- Successes

A

Made some concessions- small private plots of land legalised by mid 30s

36
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Stalin- Failures

A

Collectivisation meant end of agricultural autonomy
Attack on Church- 1 in 40 functioning by 1939
1 million kulaks shot or imprisoned
No political voice for anyone

37
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Khrushchev- Successes

A

Some more agricultural freedom given- end of collectivisation

38
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Khrushchev- Failures

A

None

39
Q

Political/Social Freedoms- Evaluation

A

Khrushchev gave some freedoms, as did Nicholas II to a certain extent

History (20 decks)

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