Education

Question 1

Primary Education- Alexander II

Answer 1

Beginning- poor attendance, low literacy rates, church main provider of primary education
1864- zemstvos given responsibility for administration- increase in quality of provision
Minister for Education- Tolstoy- removed these powers from zemstvo- govt. controlled many parts of education by 1877

Question 2

Primary Education- Alexander III and Nicholas II

Answer 2

1880- 23k primary schools, 1914- 81k
Duma announced plan for universal primary education

Question 3

Primary Education- Lenin

Answer 3

Local Soviets given jurisdiction
Emphasis on literacy to kickstart industrialisation

Question 4

Primary Education- Stalin

Answer 4

Made compulsory up to 12 in 1929- numbers went from 8ml attending in 29 to 18 ml in 30
Curriculum tightly controlled
Illiteracy at 4% for men and 18% for women in 1939

Question 5

Secondary Education- Alexander II

Answer 5

Modern gymnasia created- focus on sciences, mathematics- alongside traditional ones, focus on Russian, Latin, sport, etc.
Attendance doubled from 55-65
More middle class participation

Question 6

Secondary Education- Alexander III and Nicholas II

Answer 6

1881- Alexander III banned lower class children from secondary education- remained the preserve of the elite for entire Czarist period

Question 7

Secondary Education- Lenin

Answer 7

Abolished gymnasia, emphasis on workplace skills, rejection of exams

Question 8

Secondary Education- Stalin and Khrushchev

Answer 8

Stalin returned to mix of gymnasia and vocational schools- numbers went from 2.5ml in 31 to 6.9ml in 32
1935- Education Law tightened hold on curriculum, reintroduced exams- and fees in 1939 (later abolished by Khrushchev)

Question 9

Universities- Czars

Answer 9

Alexander II gave considerable autonomy, but retained control
Alexander III reinstated high centralised control- seen as breeding grounds for revolutionary ideas

Question 10

Universities- Lenin and Stalin

Answer 10

Continued to exert control- quota system introduced in 1929- 70% reserved for working class
Quota abandoned in 35, percentage of working class in higher education fell
Fees introduced for higher education

Question 11

Similarities between Czars and Communists

Answer 11

Tight control of curriculum (especially university)
Exclusion of access to higher education

Question 12

Differences between Czars and Communists

Answer 12

Role of Church eliminated
Education made compulsory
Difference in who was denied access to education
Communists had more success with literacy rates
Increased numbers
More experimentation under Communists