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Physiology > Nagi,s 4th Lecture ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

Nagi,s 4th Lecture ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

is the ionized iodide take into the thyroid active or not

A

Yes it is active because it is against electrical and constructional gradient

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2
Q

What is the name of the ionized iodide pump

A

Na- ionized iodide symport

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3
Q

What does stimuli Na- ionized iodide pump

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

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4
Q

What are the inhibitors of the Na-I pump

A 
Monovalentes ions 
Like
1-potassium perchlorate
2-thiocyanate 
Alao called antithyroid agents
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5
Q

What are the other hormones that use iodide too

A

Salivary glands
Mammillary glands
Gastricry glands
Placenta

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6
Q

What is the name of the enzyme the convert ionized iodide to elemental iodine

A

Thyroid peroxidase

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7
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that carry the ionized iodide from the cells to the luman

A

Called pendrin

And it is iodide/chloride transporter

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8
Q

What is the second name of the T4

A

Thyroxin

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9
Q

What is the second name of the T3

A

Triiodothyronine

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10
Q

What are the thyroid peroxidase anti drugs

A

Propyl thiouracil
Carbi mazole
Methi mazole

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11
Q

What are the thyroid hormones carries in the blood

A

They are plasma proteins
70% is thyroid binding complex
15% albumin
15% prealbumin

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12
Q

What is the chemical structure of thyroxin t4

A

3,5,3’,5’

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13
Q

What is the chemical structure of the reversed triiodothyronine RT3

A

3,3’,5’

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14
Q

How does the cell turn the T4 to T3 when it needs

A

بتشيل ال5’و برميها بالتراش ب انزايم اسمو

5’Deiodinase enzyme

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15
Q

What is the half time of triiodothyronine T3

A

1 day

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16
Q

What is the half time of the thyroxin T4

A

7 days

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17
Q

In caes of any liver disease (less glubolins) or kidney disease (losing globulins) what happens to the thyroid hormones

A

The total hormones will decrease but the FREE part which is0.1% will stay constant due to the -ve FB mechanism

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18
Q

What does the thyroid hormones do to the catechamines and why

A

They potentiate them because they are made if the same a.a tyrosine

19
Q

In the people who has hyperthyroidism what is more important to give more than antithyroid agents

A

Beta blockers because they potentiate the cachelamines work on adrenergic receptors too but the most important one is beta

20
Q

What are the receptors of the thyroid hormones

A

T4 take the 4 (alpha1,2-beta1,2)

T3 take 3 (all except alphat2)

21
Q

Are the thyroid hormones genomic or non genomics

A

Genomic

22
Q

At which age the blood brain barrier is developed

A

At the 2 year

23
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid hormones

A

Metabolism

Development in young

24
Q

What is the main effect of the metabolism function of the thyroid hormones

A

Increasing oxygen consumption by increasing the size and the number of the mitochondria almost in all tissues

25
Q

What are the the tissues that the thyroid hormones do not effect

A

1- adults brain because it cant pass the BBB
2- spleen and 3-lymphatic tissue
4-uterus and 5- testicles

26
Q

Which part of the body that the thyroid hormones do an inhibition effect on

A

Anterior pituitary as a negative feedback

27
Q

How does the thyroid hormones effect the mitochondria and the cell

A

Increased the size
Increased the number
Do (uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation)
to use all the energy as a heat no only half heat and half ATP

Increased the action of the na/k pump to use all ATP

28
Q 
What are the secondary effects of the thyroid hormones on 
Cho
Fat
Protein
Vit
A

Che:
Increase glucose absorption
Increase gluconeogenesis in liver
Increase glycolysis in liver

Fat:
Increase lipolysis so increase FFA
Increase receptors of LDL on the liver
So DECREASE THEM IN BLOOD

Proteins:
Are normal in the normal rate but the
EXCESS use them to make heat

Vit:
Due to all these reactions the demand on vitamins is increased

29
Q

What are the side effects of thr thyroid hormones on the body system

A

Cardiac sys:
Increase heart output due to increase stroke volume and heart rate
But NORMAL arterial blood pressure

CNS:
Nervousness
Alertness

Respiratory:
Increase rate and depth

GIT:
Increase motility

30
Q

What is the effect of the thyroid on the mental growth in young

A

In utero and first few years

The source of the thyroid is the baby

31
Q

How does the thyroid hormones effects the physical development

A

Bones more than soft tissues

32
Q

What is the effect of the slightly hyperthyroidism on the excess hyperthyroidism on the muscles

A

In the slightly they will react powerfully
Due the high level of glucose
But
In the sever it will be weak due to the proteins catabolism

33
Q

What does stimuli and inhibit

Thyroid release hormone

A

Stimuli cold

Inhibit stress because the sympathetic effect already increasing the heat

34
Q

What are the slow and fast effects of the thyroid stimuli hormone on the thyroid

A

Fast in 30 min
the release the already prepared hormones
And
Increased endocytosis and proteolysis of thyroidglobulin

Slow in hours days weeks

Increased iodide trapping and synthesis of the hormones + increased blood flow to it so increase size

35
Q

What is the feedback of the thyroid hormones and to where

A

It is negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (most of it)

36
Q

What are the hormones that decrease thyroid stimuli hormone and why

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Dopamine

Because thyroid releasing hormone

Increased the growth hormone releasing hormones
And prolactin production

37
Q

What are the causes of the hypothyroidism

A

We have suprathyroidal
And thyroidal
The thyroidal mnemonic is CCCDE
1-Chronic thyroiditis (hashimito’s) autonomic

2-congenital

3-chronic low level of iodine diet (endemicيعني متمركز goitre)

4-Drugs antithyroidal agents or lethium(antipsychotic )

5-excess removal

38
Q

What are the causes if the hyperthyroidism

A

Ectpic Thyroid tissue (non thyroidal tissue producing thyroidal hormones )
Suprathyroidal
Thyroidal

1-grave’s disease (autoimmune )
2-acute thyroiditis
3-multinodular goitre( يعني حجمها كبير) 
4-toxic adenoma 
5- too much iodine deit
39
Q

What is the difference of the acute and chronic thyroiditis effect

A

The acute make irritation to the glad it self so it produces more hyperthyroidism

The chronic it destroy the tissue leading to hypothyroidism

40
Q

Why in the endemic goitre the size of the thyroid enlarg

A

Because the body increases the size in the propose of getting more iodide

41
Q

What is the name of the artificial thyroxine

A

Levithyroxine

42
Q

What are the treatments that we can follow in the hypothyroidism

A 
1-Drugs:
Antithyroid agents
Beta-adrenergic blockers
2-radioactive iodine
3-subtotal thyroidectomy
43
Q

What is the sub clinical hypothyroidism

A

It is when the thyroid is producing low t3 and t4 which by -ve feedback the TSH increase and leads to over stimuli to thyroid and getting the t3,t4 to normal
So in the test

We will see increased TSH and normal T3,T4

Physiology (15 decks)

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