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Physiology > Nagi's 3rd/4th lecture CVS > Flashcards

Nagi's 3rd/4th lecture CVS Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the square that in the ECG means

A

40 msec

0.04 sec

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2
Q

How many voltages does the square in the ECG stand for

A

It is 0.1mV

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3
Q

How does the vector of the atrial depo look like

A

Downward and to the left

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4
Q

How does the 1V if the ventricular depo looks like and what is its name

A

It looks upward and to the right

Septum vector

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5
Q

How does the 2V if the ventricular depo looks like and what is its name

A

Downward to the left

Lateral wall

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6
Q

How does the 3V if the ventricular depo looks like and what is its name

A

Upward to the left

Base of the ventricular

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7
Q

Why is the the electricity is stronger in the ventricular than atrial

A

Because the voltage directly proportional with the mass of the tissue

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8
Q

What is the relation between the duration and the velocity of the conduction

A

The duration is reversely proportional to the velocity of the conduction

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9
Q

What happens if the vector is parallel to the lead

A

Maximum reading

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10
Q

What happens if the vector is perpendicular to the lead

A

No reading at all

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11
Q

What are the limbs leads

A

1,2,3,aVL,aVR,aVF

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12
Q

What are the chest leads

A

V1-V6

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13
Q

According the type of the lead the leads are grouped as

A

Bipolar has two electrodes exploring

Unipolar one exploring electrodes

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14
Q

What are the location of the electrodes of the limbs leads

A

1st +ve on the LH and -ve on RH
2nd +ve on LG and -ve on RH
3nd +ve LG and -ve LH

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15
Q

What are the augmented unipolar leads

A

aVR +ve on RH against LH and LG
aVL +ve on LH against RH and LG
aVF +ve on LG againstRH and LH

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16
Q

What are the places of the unipolar chest leads

A

V1 right 4th intercostal space by edges
V2 left 4th intercostal space by edges
V3 left 5th rib between the V2 and V4
V4 left 5th intercostal space by midclavicular
V5 left intercostal space by anterior axillary
V6 left intercostal apace by mid axillary

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17
Q

Which leads show the left ventricle ,septum,right ventricle

A

V1,V2 right ventricle
V3,V4, septum
V5,V6, left ventricle

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18
Q

What does the P wave represent

A

Atrial depo

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19
Q

What is the duration of the P waves

A

80mSec

2 squares

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20
Q

What is the height (voltage ) of the P waves

A

1/4 mV

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21
Q

What is the shape of the P waves

A

1st half for RA

2nd half for LA

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22
Q

Qhat is the direction of the P waves

A

Mostly it is upright in all leads except

aVR

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23
Q

The clinical correlation that are related with the P wave

A

Absent in the A fibrillation
prolonged in the A hypotrophy
If it was inverted in any lead but the aVR
The patient have an ectopic pacemaker

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24
Q

What does the QRS complex represent

A

Ventricle depo

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25
Q

What is the duration of the QRS complex

A

It is 80ms

2 squares

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26
Q

What is the voltage of the QRS complex

A

It is 1mV in limbs leads

But 3-4 in chest

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27
Q

What is he shape

Of QRS

A

كل شيء يبدأ صغيراً الا ال sadness يبدأ كبيرا ثم يصغر
In V1,V2 the R are small and S are big
V5,V6 the S are big and R are small

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28
Q

What is the direction of the QRS

A

R always +ve
Q is -ve before R
S is -ve after R

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29
Q

When is the QRS are absent

A

In death

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30
Q

What does means is the QRS is more than 3 squares

A

1-ectopic focus
2-increased K
3- bundle brach block
4- left ventricle hypotrophy

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31
Q

What is the name of the anti depressant drug that cause prolonged QRS

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

32
Q

In which caese the QRS is very low

A

1_ pericardial effusion

33
Q

At which level of potassium the kidney cleaning is a require

A

At 8

34
Q

What is the duration of the T waves

A

160ms

4 squares

35
Q

What does the T waves represent

A

Ventral repo

36
Q

What is the height voltage of the T waves

A

1/2mv

37
Q

What is the shape OF T WAVE

A

Slightly rounded

Asymmetrical

38
Q

What is the direction of the T waves

A

Innervated in the aVR

39
Q

What does the inverted T waves represent in the other leads

A

Mycardic ischemia

40
Q

What does the peaked T waves represent

A

Increased potassium

Early sign of myocardial infarction

41
Q

What does flat T waves represent

A

Low potassium

42
Q

What is the U waves represent

A

Depo of papillary muscles

43
Q

What does the very prominent U waves represent

A

Low potassium
Increased Ca
Hypertherodisum

44
Q

Why the atrial repolarzation is not recorded

A

Very low in voltage

45
Q

Why SAN AVN Purkinje depo not recorded

A

Because too small mass if tissue

46
Q

What is the P-R segment

A

It start from the end of the P wave to the beginning of the R complex

47
Q

What does the P-R segment represent

A

AVN conduction

48
Q

What does the depressing of the P-R segment means

A

Pericarditis

49
Q

What is the S-T segment

A

It is between the end of QRS and to the beginning of the T

50
Q

What does the S-T segment represent

A

It represent the platue of the ventricular AP

51
Q

What is does the elevation of the S-T means

A

Pericarditis
MI
Ischemia

52
Q

What does the depressing of the S-T represent

A

LVH
MI
or ischemia

53
Q

What is the drug that cause the depassion of the S-T

A

Digoxin

54
Q

What are the measurements of the P-F interval

A

From the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the R

55
Q

What does the P-R interval represent

A

Atrial depo + AV conduction

56
Q

What is the time of the P-R interval

A

120-200msec

3-5 squares

57
Q

How does the blocking of the AV node effect the P-R interval

A

It will prolong it

58
Q

How does the atrial hypertrophy effect the P-R interval

A

Prolong it

59
Q

How does the vegas stimulus effect the P-R interval

A

Prolong it

60
Q

How does the sympathetic effect the P-R interval

A

It will shorten it

61
Q

How does AV nodal rhythm effect the P-R interval

A

Shorten it

62
Q

What is name of the case when there is a by pass around the AV node

A

Wolf parkinson white syndrome

63
Q

How does the wolf parkinson white syndrome effects the P-R interval

A

It will shorten it

64
Q

What is the measurements of the QT interval

A

From the beginning of the R waves to the end of the T waves

65
Q

What does the QT interval represent

A

Ventricular depo and repol

66
Q

What is the duration of the QT interval

A

200-400msec

5-10 squares

67
Q

Hiw does the low HR effect the QT interval

A

Prolong it

68
Q

What is the QTc

A

It is QT interval / الجذر التربيعي تبع P-R interval

69
Q

What does the high QTc represent

A

Ventricle tachyarrhythmia and sudden death

70
Q

How does the high HR effect the QT

A

Shorten it

71
Q

What is the sign that the low QT gives

A

Sever hypocalcemia

72
Q

How to see if the heart has a normal axis deviation

A

1-We see QRS in lead 1 and lead aVF if there are both positive then it is normal
2- we see QRS in lead 1 and aVF if the lead 1 positive and the aVF is negative we see lead 2 if it is positive

73
Q

How we know if the patient have a right axis deviation

A

If the QRS is negative in lead 1

74
Q

How to know if the patient have a left axis deviation

A

QRS in leads 1 and aVF will be normal but negative in the lead 2

75
Q

What does a right axis deviation represent

A

Right BBB
Right side hypertrophy
Left infarction

76
Q

What does the left axis deviation represent

A

Left BBB
Left hypertrophy
Tight infarction

Physiology (15 decks)

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