N4 - Intestinal Hookworm Disease

Question 1

• aka old worm hookworm
• thread-like sanguivorous parasitic nematode of human beings
• lives in the small intestine
• causative worm of ancylostomiasis or hook worm disease

Answer 1

Ancylostoma duodenale

Question 2

characteristic of ancylostomiasis

Answer 2

severe anemia and gastrointestinal problems

Question 3

morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 3

1. pseudocoelomate
2. cylindrical
3. thread-like
4. covered with a thick cuticle with syncytial epidermis
5. greyish-white color
6. anterior end bent slightly dorsally

Question 4

life cycle and development of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 4

1. eggs in feces
2. rhabditiform larva
3. filariform larva
4. filariform larva penetrates skin
5. adults in small intestine

Question 5

habitat of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 5

small intestine particularly jejunum

Question 6

size of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 6

smaller than female adults

Question 7

size of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 7

longer than male adult

Question 8

length of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 8

~8mm in length

Question 9

length of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 9

~12.5mm in length

Question 10

posterior end of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 10

• expanded in umbrella-like manner
• contains copulatory bursa

Question 11

posterior end of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 11

• tapered end
• without copulatory bursa

Question 12

opening at posterior end of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 12

cloaca

Question 13

opening at posterior end of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 13

• anus
• reproductive system opens separately

Question 14

gonopore of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 14

opens with the cloaca

Question 15

gonopore of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 15

at the junction of posterior and middle third of the body

Question 16

copulatory spicules of male Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 16

two pairs at the anal end

Question 17

copulatory spicules of female Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 17

absent

Question 18

factors that affects the distribution of hookworms

Answer 18

1. geographical features
2. lack of sanitation
3. unawareness

Question 19

distribution of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 19

• tropical and sub-tropical regions of the worls
• humidity and temp. are favorable

Question 20

effects caused by larvae of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 20

1. ground itch
2. creeping eruptions
3. lesion in the lungs

Question 21

effects caused by adult Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 21

1. lesions
2. severe anemia
3. ulcer

Question 22

development of taste towards earth, mud, lime, etc.

Answer 22

geophagy

Question 23

mode of transmission of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 23

1. walking bare-footed in soil contaminated with feces
2. drinking water contaminated with filariform larvae
3. handling of feces-soiled clothing’s left damp for 4-5 days
4. soft hands and palms, esp. gardeners and miners

Question 24

sites of entry of Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 24

1. delicate and thin skin between the toes
2. dorsum of the feet
3. inner side of the soles

Question 25

diagnosis of ancylostomiasis

Answer 25

1. microscopic examination 2. study of duodenal contents

Question 26

clinical diagnosis of _Ancylostoma_ _duodenale_

Answer 26

1. exteremely high levels of eosinophilia 2. severe anemia 3. occult blood and Charcot-Leyden crystals in the stool

Question 27

treatment of hookworm infection

Answer 27

1. mebendazole 2. pyrantel pamoate 3. bephenium hydroxyl naphthoate

Question 28

- safe drug, 100 mg of which is given twice daily for three consecutive days - clears 80% of worms in a single course and almost comlete clears worms if two courses are administered at an interval of 2 weeks

Answer 28

mebendazole

Question 29

- single dose of 5g is prescribed in empty stomach - two or three courses may be required for complete cure

Answer 29

pyrantel pamoate

Question 30

broad spectrum of drug given in a single dose of 11mg/Kg body weight

Answer 30

bephenium hydroxyl naphthoate

Question 31

other drugs prescribed for ancylostomiasis

Answer 31

1. thiabendazole 2. tetramisole 3. benzimidazole 4. albendazole

Question 32

how to avoid ancylostomiasis

Answer 32

1. personal protection - preventing larval skin invasion by wearing boots and gloves 2. prevention of soil contamination by adequate sewage disposal 3. disinfection of feces or contaminated soil 4. treatment of infected individuals

Question 33

mode of infection of _Ancylostoma_ _duodenale_

Answer 33

through skin invasion

Question 34

infective stage of _Ancylostoma_ _duodenale_

Answer 34

filariform larva

Question 35

portal of entry of _Ancylostoma_ _duodenale_

Answer 35

skin