C3 - Hymenolepiasis

Question 1

• A cosmopolitan disease encountered more frequently in tropics than in colder climates. - disease is acquiredbyingestion of eggs of H. nana or arthropods containing larval stages of H. diminuta.

Answer 1

Hymenolepiasis

Question 2

causes hymenolepiasis

Answer 2

1. Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
2. Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm)

Question 3

size of H. nana

Answer 3

15-40 mm

Question 4

size of H. diminuta

Answer 4

20-60 cm

Question 5

egg size of H. nana

Answer 5

30-50 micrometer

Question 6

egg size of H. diminuta

Answer 6

60-85 micrometer

Question 7

polar filaments of H. nana

Answer 7

4-8

Question 8

polar filaments of H. diminuta

Answer 8

absent

Question 9

outer membrane of H. nana

Answer 9

thin

Question 10

outer membrane H. diminuta

Answer 10

thick

Question 11

hooks in oncosphere of the two Hymenolepis sp.

Answer 11

6

Question 12

life cycle of H. nana outside host

Answer 12

1. egg in feces
2. egg ingested by insect and develops into cysticercoid or
3. embryonated egg ingested by humans from contaminated food, water, or hands
4. humans and rodents infected when they ingested cysticercoid-infected arthropods

Question 13

life cycle of H. nana inside host

Answer 13

1. oncosphere hatches and cysticercoid develops in intestinal villus
2. scolex is formed
3. adult in ileal portion of small intestine
4. eggs can be released through the genital atrium of the gravid proglottids. Gravid proglottids can also disintegrate, releasing eggs in stools
5. autoinfection can occur and eggs release hexacanth embryo which penetrates intestinal villus, continuing the cycle

Question 14

life span of H. nana egg

Answer 14

10 days

Question 15

how long do adult H. nana reside in small intestine

Answer 15

4-6 weeks

Question 16

life cycle of H. diminuta

Answer 16

1. eggs passed out in feces
2. eggs ingested by intermediate host
3. oncosphere penetrates arthropod’s intestinal wall and develop into cysticercoid larvae
4. mammals acquire infection by injesting cysticercoid larvae
5. larvae evert their scolex to attach to intestinal wall
6. parasites mature in small intestine
7. eggs are released in feces

Question 17

transmission of Hymenolepis

Answer 17

1. consumption of infected insects
2. fecal-oral route

Question 18

symptoms of Hymenolepiasis

Answer 18

• usually asymptomatic
  if symptomatic
  1. nausea
  2. weakness
  3. loss of appetite
  4. diarrhea
  5. abdominal pain
  6. anorexia

Question 19

severe symptoms of hymenolepiasis

Answer 19

1. headache
2. itchy bottom
3. difficulty sleeping

Question 20

diagnosis for hymenolepiasis

Answer 20

tool sample examination
- should be repeated one month after therapy

Question 21

geographical distribution of hymenolepis

Answer 21

• worldwide
• common in warm climates
• (Europe, asia, africa, americas)

Question 22

who is at risk of hymenolepiasis

Answer 22

1. children
2. people living in institutional settings
3. areas with unimproved sanitation facilities

Question 23

treatment of hymenolepiasis

Answer 23

1. praziquantel
2. nitazoxanide
3. nicloxamide

• dissolve tapeworm in the intestine

Question 24

prevention for hymenolepiasis

Answer 24

1. hand washing
2. sanitary preparation of food

Question 25

infective stages for hymenolepiasis

Answer 25

1. eggs (H. nana) 2. cysticercoid larvae

Question 26

capable of intestinal autoinfection

Answer 26

H. nana