C1 - Sparganosis

Question 1

zoonotic disease caused by the larvae (spargana)of the genus Spirometra.

Answer 1

sparganosis

Question 2

primarily causes sparganosis

Answer 2

1. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and
2. Spirometra mansonoides

Question 3

two types of sparganosis

Answer 3

1. proliferative
2. non-proliferative

Question 4

proliferative spargana

Answer 4

S. proliferum

Question 5

non-proliferative spargana

Answer 5

1. S. erinaceieuropaei
2. S. mansonoides

Question 6

definitive host of sparganosis

Answer 6

cats/dogs

Question 7

1st intermediate host of sparganosis

Answer 7

copepods

Question 8

2nd intermediate host of sparganosis

Answer 8

• frog
• tadpole
• fish

Question 9

paratenic host of sparganosis

Answer 9

• humans
• snakes
• other animals

Question 10

larvae stages of Spirometra

Answer 10

1. coracidium
2. procercoid larva
3. plerocercoid larva

Question 11

hatches in water

Answer 11

coracidium/coracidia

Question 12

develops inside the 1st intermediate host

Answer 12

procercoid larva

Question 13

• infective stage
• 2nd intermediate host

Answer 13

plerocercoid larva / sparganum/spargana

Question 14

mode of transmission of spirometra

Answer 14

• drinking contaminated water
• consuming flesh of under-cooked second intermediate host

Question 15

pathogenesis of spirometra

Answer 15

• actively migrate through tissues in humans
• spargana penetrate intestinal wall and enter circulation or migrate directly through tissues

Question 16

sparganosis

Answer 16

subcutaneous and cerebral sparganosis

Question 17

what does spargana produce

Answer 17

1. hydrolyzing enzymes
2. proteins

Question 18

• degrade host tissues, aiding in the invasion and survival of the larvae
• break down extracellular matrix components, allowing spargana to move through different organs.

Answer 18

hydrolyzing enzymes

Question 19

proteins that the spargana secrete or produce

Answer 19

1. Sparganum growth factor (SGF) or plerocercoid growth factor (PGF)
2. cysteine protease (S. erinaceieuropaei)
3. serine protease (S. mansoni)

Question 20

binds to growth hormone receptors and transported through thebloodstream, potentially influencing host metabolism and promotingparasite survival

Answer 20

• sparganum growth factor or
• plerocercoid growth factor

Question 21

induces a Th2-predominant immune response and enhances thesurvival of plerocercoids in the host.

Answer 21

cysteine protease

Question 22

noted for possessing a nucleophilic serine residue at the active site,which mediates protein hydrolysis

Answer 22

serine protease

Question 23

symptoms of subcutaneous sparganosis

Answer 23

• Lump or nodule under the skin
• Itching or a crawling sensation
• Inflammation and swelling
• Redness and tenderness in the affected area

Question 24

symptoms of ocular sparganosis

Answer 24

• Eye pain and swelling
• Redness and irritation
• Impaired vision or eye movement
• Conjunctivitis

Question 25

symptoms of cerebral sparganosis

Answer 25

- Headache and dizziness - Seizures or convulsions - Weakness or paralysis (depending on the affected region) - Cognitive impairment

Question 26

symptoms of visceral sparganosis

Answer 26

- Abdominal pain - Coughing or respiratory symptoms(if lungs are affected) - Unexplained fever

Question 27

diagnosis for sparganosis

Answer 27

1. tissue examination (biopsy) 2. biochemical testings 3. imaging tests 4. serological assays (ELISA)

Question 28

Used to assess the location and size of nodules.

Answer 28

Computed tomography (CT)

Question 29

- High accuracy using recombinant cysteine protease from sparganum plerocercoids - achieves 100% sensitivity and 98.22% specificity in diagnosing human sparganosis

Answer 29

ELISA

Question 30

high endemic region of sparganosis

Answer 30

1. east and southeast asia 2. south america (brazil) 2. sub-saharan africa

Question 31

low to moderate endemic regions of sparganosis

Answer 31

1. north america 2. europe 3. australia

Question 32

who is at risk of sparganosis

Answer 32

1. consumer of raw/undercooked meat 2. drinking contaminated water 3. farmers, fishermen, and outdoor workers 4. traditional medicine practitioners 5. poor hygiene and sanitation access

Question 33

treatment and prevention of sparganosis

Answer 33

1. surgery 2. anthelmintics 3. chemotherapy

Question 34

anthelmintics

Answer 34

1. albendazole 2. praziquantel