Myology - Intro

Question 1

Name the types of muscles.

Answer 1

• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscle

Question 2

Cardiac muscle

Answer 2

Unvoluntary.
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Striated, contractile proteins.

Question 3

Smooth muscle

Answer 3

Hallow organs, vessels and respiratory system.
Unvoluntary.
Not striated, contractile proteins scattered and much less than the others.

Question 4

Skeletal muscle

Answer 4

Striated.
Voluntary.
Everywhere where there is bone. 
Very strong rapid contractions.
Musculotendinous junctions.

Question 5

Musculotendinous junctions

Answer 5

The connection between a muscle and it’s tendons.

Where force is transmitted between the two tissues.

Question 6

Connective tissue

Answer 6

Wrapping support.
Protect and separate portions of muscle and whole muscles.
- Endomysium (surrounds muscle fibers)
- Perimysium (surrounds fascicles)
- Epimysium (surrounds bundles of fascicles) converges to form a tendon.
The layers work together to help transmit force while protecting the muscle fibers from damage.

Question 7

What are the two major divisions of fiber arrangements?

Answer 7

Parallel and pennate

Question 8

Parallel fiber orientation

Answer 8

Equal length of muscle fibers that do not intersect.
3 types: 
- Fusiform
- Circular
- Triangular

Question 9

Fusiform (parallel fiber orientation)

Answer 9

Line of action runs in a straight line between the attachment points. Bicep brachii.

Question 10

Circular (parallel fiber orientation)

Answer 10

Contracts and closes passages or relaxes and opens them.

Mouth or anus.

Question 11

Triangular (parallel fiber orientation)

Answer 11

Broad base, converge to a single point.

Pectoralis major.

Question 12

Pennate fiber orientation

Answer 12

Feather shaped with shorter muscle fibers intersecting a central tendon. 
3 types: 
- Unipennate 
- Bipennate
- Multipennate

Question 13

Unipennate (fiber orientation)

Answer 13

Muscle fibers run from one side of a central tendon.

Extensor digitorum longus.

Question 14

Bipennate (fiber orientation)

Answer 14

Muscle fibers run obliquely (á ská) along both sides of a central tendon.
Rectus femoris.

Question 15

Multipennate (fiber orientation)

Answer 15

Multiple tendons with oblique muscle fibers on both sides.

Deltoids.

Question 16

Muscle origin

Answer 16

Attachment site that does not move during contractions.

Question 17

Muscle insertion

Answer 17

Attachment site that is contracting towards the origin.

Question 18

Muscle location

Answer 18

Brachii: arm
Femoris: thigh
Pectoralis: Chest
Abdominus: Abdomen

Question 19

Muscle fiber direction

Answer 19

Oblique: Slanting, neither parallel nor at a right angle.
Rectus: Straight

Question 20

Muscle size

Answer 20

Major / Minor - Pectoralis
Maximus / Medius / Minimus - Gluteus
Longus / Brevis (short) / Tertius (third) - Peroneus
Magnus (great) / Longus / Brevis - Adductor

Question 21

Muscle shape

Answer 21

Trapezius: Geometric form of a trapeze
Deltoid: Delta (triangle)

Question 22

Nr. of heads of a muscle

Answer 22

Biceps: 2 heads
Triceps: 3 heads
Quadriceps: 4 heads

Question 23

Nr. of joints of a muscle

Answer 23

Mono articular: will act on one joint
Bi articular: will act on two joints
Poly articular: will act on more than two joints

Question 24

Agonist

Answer 24

Muscle involved in joint movement

Question 25

Antagonist

Answer 25

Opposite action of agonist.

Question 26

Synergist

Answer 26

Assist the function of agonist.

Question 27

Contralateral

Answer 27

Movement towards opposite side of contraction.

Question 28

Ipsilateral

Answer 28

Movement towards the side of contraction.

Question 29

Horizontal adduction

Answer 29

Elbow 90°, lower arm towards middle.

Question 30

Horizontal abduction

Answer 30

Elbow 90°, lower arm away from middle.