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Sem 3: BacT > Mycobacterium spp. - Muller > Flashcards

Mycobacterium spp. - Muller Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is mycobacterium?

A

Rod shaped

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1
Q

What stain is used for mycobacterium?

A

Ziehl nielson - mycolic acid in cell wall will stain pink

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2
Q

Mycobacterium is cytochemically gram _______

A

positive

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3
Q

True or False: Mycobacterium is motile

A

FALSE - non motile

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4
Q

What structure of mycobacterium is hydrophobic and resistant to adverse environmental influences?

A

Lipid rich cell wall

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5
Q

Pathogenic species of mycobacterium grows ___________

A

SLOWLY!

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6
Q

Are diseases in domestic animals acute or chronic?

A

Chronic and progressive

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7
Q

What are the major diseases from mycobacterium?

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Johne’s disease
  3. Feline leprosy
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8
Q

What are the main hosts of m. tuberculosis?

A

Humans + captive primates

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9
Q

What species are infected by m. tuberculosis?

A

Dogs, cattle, birds

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10
Q

What species are infected by m. bovis?

A

Deer, badgers, possums, cats, other mammals, HUMANS (zoonotic)

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11
Q

What species can be infected by m. avium?

A

Pigs, cattle

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12
Q

What species can be infected by m. lepraemurium?

A

Cats (from rats and mice)

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13
Q

What species can be infected by m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis?

A

Ruminants (from other ruminants)

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14
Q

Which mycobacterium causes Johne’s disease?

A

m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

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15
Q

What are the main hosts of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, deer (ruminants)

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16
Q

Which mycobacterium causes rat leprosy or feline leprosy?

A

m. lepraemurium

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17
Q

Which species of mycobacterium is slowest to grow on culture?

A

m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

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18
Q

Which species of mycobacterium requires a higher temperature than the rest to grow on culture?

A

M. avium requires 37-43 °C

** others require 37 °C

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19
Q

Which species of mycobacterium is most significant in causing infection in humans?

A

m. tuberculosis

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20
Q

Which species of mycobacterium requires a growth supplement to grow on culture media? Name the growth supplement it needs.

A

m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Needs Mycobactin to grow!!!

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21
Q

How does staining appear on giemsa for mycobacterium?

A

Negative staining - cell wall appears clear/doesnt stain

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22
Q

How does staining appear on ZN for mycobacterium?

A

Cell wall stains pink!

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23
Q

_______ grow fast on culture media

A

Saprophytes (non pathogenic spp.)

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24
Q

________ improved the isolation time of mycobacterium growth

A

Liquid culture (rather than solid)

Known as BACTEC

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25
Q

__________ is an important zoonosis in non-industrialized countries

A

Bovine TB

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26
Q

What environment allows growth of mycobacterium spp. and why?

A

Cold, dark, moist conditions

** bc of lipids + mycolic acid in cell wall

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27
Q

Who is the main reservoir for m. tuberculosis?

A

Humans!

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28
Q

True or False: m. tuberculosis can be transfered from animal to human, and from human to animal

A

TRUEEE

Zoonosis and antropozoonosis

29
Q

What symptoms are seen in humans with m. tuberculosis and m. bovis?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Night sweats
  3. Cough
  4. Bloody phlegm
  5. Chest pain/ shortness of breath
30
Q

True or False: bovine TB is reportable and zoonotic

A

TRUEEE

31
Q

True or False: M. tuberculosis is reportable

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are the reservoirs for m. bovis in the UK and ireland?

A

Badgers

33
Q

What are the reservoirs for m. bovis in new zealand?

A

Opossum

34
Q

What are the reservoirs for m. bovis in michigan?

A

White tailed deer

35
Q

How are cattle infected with m. bovis?

A
  1. Aerosol (needs fewer than 10 organisms to spread) * MOST COMMON
  2. Ingestion (milk) - calves at risk
  3. Asymptomatic carriers
36
Q

How are humans infected with m. bovis?

A
  1. Ingestion of unpasteurised dairy or undercooked meat
  2. Aerosol (less common)
  3. Breaks in the skin
  4. Person to person: immunosuppressed
37
Q

How are cats infected by m. bovis?

A
  1. Ingestion (drinking milk)
  2. Aerosol
  3. Bites and scratches
38
Q

How are pigs, ferrets, and deer infected by m. bovis?

A

Ingestion

39
Q

How are badgers infected with m. bovis?

A

Bites and scratches

40
Q

What is the virulence factor in mycobacterium that allows it to cause disease

A

lipid cell wall allows it to survive and multiple in host macrophages

41
Q

How does m. bovis cause disease in the host?

A

-Survives and multiplies in host macrophages

  • lipid cell wall blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion which prevents killing of the bacteria

-macrophages recruit T lymphocytes, if they can’t kill bacteria a chronic granulomatous inflammation and a tubercle forms with a central necrotic core

**Delayed type IV hypersensitivity

42
Q

What is the consistency of the central caseous necrosis?

A

Cheesy

43
Q

How can you diagnose Bovine TB in live cattle?

A

Tuberculin skin test (Cellular response)

  1. First do preliminary Caudal fold test
  2. If thickness and swelling from caudal fold test, confirm with a second test: Comparative cervical skin test
  3. If bovine PPD is higher than avian PPD it confirms positive bovine TB
44
Q

How can you diagnose bovine TB in cervids?

A

Single cervical test

45
Q

What could a false negative PPD test mean?

A
  1. Recently infected, tested too soon before 30 days
  2. Anergy due to advanced TB (tested too late)
  3. Transient desensitization
  4. Immunosuppression
46
Q

What could a false positive result on PPD test mean?

A

Sensitization to mycobacteria other than m. bovis

** retest comparative cervical test

47
Q

What is the preliminary screening test used for cattle with TB?

A

Caudal fold test

48
Q

1 TB positive cow means ______ are subclinical

A

1:7

49
Q

How can bovine TB be controlled?

A
  1. Decrease interaction with wildlife and cattle
  2. Rodent control
  3. Test and slaughter
  4. Disinfect using moist heat of 121 °C for min of 15 mins (high heat)
  5. Disinfect with 5% phenol, iodine solutions, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
50
Q

Transmission of avian TB?

A

Fecal oral route, excreted in feces of birds

51
Q

At port mortem, where can you see granulomatous lesions from avian TB?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestines

52
Q

How can you diagnose avian TB in live animals?

A

Avian PPD tuberculin injected into the skin of the wattle

53
Q

How are pigs infected with avian TB?

A

Ingestion of uncooked swill

** small tubercles in lymph nodes

54
Q

What clinical signs are associated with cattle positive for m. avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP)?

A

Persistant diarrhea, weight loss, eventually death , decreased milk yield

55
Q

Between dairy herd and beef herds, who is more at risk for MAP?

A

Dairy herds

56
Q

How is MAP transmitted?

A

Excreted in feces, infection via fecal oral route

** also from feeding pooled colostrum (affects young)

57
Q

Who is more at risk for MAP, a suckling calf or a 3 year old heifer?

A

Suckling calf - resistance to infection increases with age

58
Q

Which mycobacterium spp is associated with chronic granulomatous enteritis?

A

MAP/ Johne’s dz

59
Q

True or False: when young calves are infected with MAP, clinical signs can always be seen

A

FALSE - does not show CS, can appear healthy for months to years

60
Q

What happens as MAP progresses?

A
  1. More severe diarrhea
  2. Further weight loss
  3. Coat color fades
  4. Ventral + intermandibular edema due to protein loosing enteropathy
  5. Emaciation + death
61
Q

True or False: in sheep, goats, and other ruminants, diarrhea is always seen with MAP

A

FALSE - diarrhea may not be seen

62
Q

What pathologic lesions are seen in Johne’s disease?

A
  1. Thickened and corrugated intestine
  2. Enlarged lymph nodes
  3. Diffuse granulomatous enteritis with epithelioid macrophages on histo
63
Q

How can you diagnose MAP in live animals?

A

Pinch biopsies from rectum or from fecal sample

64
Q

How can you detect MAP post mortem?

A
  1. Tissues from lymph nodes and intestines
  • direct acid fast stain
    -BACTEC liquid culture
  • PCR

**CANT USE PPD TEST FOR MAP

65
Q

How can MAP be controlled?

A
  1. Seperate calves from dam (mom) at birth
  2. Raise calves on pasteurized milk
  3. Isolate calves from the herd for 2 years (until they build resistance)
  4. Disinfection
  5. Remove source of MAP (calf feed, water, bedding)
66
Q

Which species of mycobacterium is NOT zoonotic?

A

m. lepraemurium

67
Q

Transmission route for m. lepraemurium?

A

bites from infected rodents

** cat eating a rat or mouse

68
Q

Where would you look for lesions on a cat infected with m. lepraemurium?

A

Head or limbs

69
Q

What is the definitive test for m. lepraemurium and why?

A

PCR!! bc m. lepraemurium can’t grow in culture

Sem 3: BacT (16 decks)

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