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Sem 3: BacT > General BacT and Mycology - Muller > Flashcards

General BacT and Mycology - Muller Flashcards

1
Q

The phylogenetic tree of life contains 3 domains. Which are prokaryotes? Which are eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: BacT + Archaea

Eukaryotes: Eukaryota (fungi, plants, animals, etc)

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2
Q

Where is genetic info contained in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In a single haploid circular chromosome

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3
Q

Regarding bacteria, why can nutrients easily and quickly reach all parts of the cell?

A

Bc bacT are small but have a large surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

True or False: Not all bacteria have a capsule

A

TRUE

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5
Q

A bacterial capsule has a _________ outer layer

A

polysaccharide!!

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6
Q

A bacterial cell wall is made of a _____________ layer

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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7
Q

Does Gram + or Gram - have a thicker peptidoglycan layer?

A

Gram + has a thicker peptidoglycan (cell wall) layer

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8
Q

What is the purpose of gram staining?

A

Differentiates bacT by properties of their cell walls and by detecting peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What is the purpose of acid fast staining?

A

stains acid fast positive organisms due to mycolic acid in present in cell wall

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10
Q

What is an example of a bacteria you would use acid fast staining for?

A

Mycobacteria - mycolic acid in cell wall

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11
Q

What is the antigenic component of gram + bacteria?

A

Lipotechoic acid

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12
Q

Which is the antigenic component in Gram neg bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (part of cell wall)

Specifically Lipid A - endotoxin

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13
Q

Does gram + or gram - contain the Lipid A?

A

Gram neg!

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14
Q

What is Lipid A?

A

Endotoxin in cell wall (LPS) of gram neg bacteria

activates immune system and exerts harmful effects

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15
Q

What is the virulence factor for mycobacteria?

A

Mycolic acid

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16
Q

What is endoflagella?

A

Flagella in the periplasmic space - only in Gram neg bacT!!!

Corkscrew like motility

Ex: Spirochetes have endoflagella

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17
Q

Explain the different types of pili/ fimbriae

A

Attachment pili: adherence to host

Conjugation pili: transfers genetic info

** pili also contributes to antigenicity (Ex: diarrhea in neonatal piglets)

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18
Q

Endospores are produced by which bacteria when exposed to nutrient depletion?

A

Clostridium + Bacillus

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19
Q

What are characteristics of endospores?

A
  1. Cryptobiotic state of dormancy
  2. Most durable cell in nature
  3. Survives a long time under extreme conditions
  4. Formed intracellularly
20
Q

Which bacteria are exceptions to general bacterial properties and why?

A
  1. Mycoplasma: no cell wall
  2. Leptospira: 2 circular chromosomes
  3. Borrelia burgdorferi: linear chromosomes
21
Q

Define the lag phase

A

increase in cell size, active metabolism of cells but NO DIVISION

22
Q

Define exponential or logarithmic phase

A

cells multiply at max. rate

23
Q

Define the maximal stationary phase

A

exhaustion of nutrients/ accumulation of toxins

balance between slow multiplication and cells dying

24
Q

What nutrients are required for bacteria to grow?

A

Carbon and nitrogen

25
Q

What is the bacterial sources of metabolic energy?

A

Fermentation

Respiration

Photosynthesis

26
Q

What is a microaerophile?

A

Bacteria that requires a small amount of O2 to grow

27
Q

_________ are bacteria that grow in 70-110 °C

A

Hyperthermophiles

28
Q

Define exotoxins

A

proteinaceous toxins made by bacteria that exerts action on specific target cells when secreted or released following lysis

*** produced inside gram positive bacteria

29
Q

Define endotoxins

A

cell wall components (LPS) that induce inflammation by stimulating immune system

** part of cell wall of gram neg bacteria

30
Q

What are examples of biofilm?

A

Dental plaque

biofilm in catheters

UTI

31
Q

Bacteria produce _________which allows cells to communicate

A

Autoinducers / pheromones

32
Q

Explain quorum sensing

A

When bacterial population is HIGH autoinducers bind to receptors and promote group behavior (Ex: biofilm formation, virulence, conjugation, etc.)

When bacterial population is LOW autoinducers diffuse away from bacteria / no group behavior

33
Q

______ + ________ help mediate transfer of genetic material

A

Capsules , fibriae/pili

34
Q

All bacT contain peptidoglycan except ___________

A

Mycoplasma

35
Q

________ is a harmful endotoxin in Gram negative bacT

A

Lipid A

36
Q

What sequences of events are required to act as a pathogen?

A
  1. Must find appropriate host
  2. Must evade host
  3. Compete w normal microbiota to adhere to host tissues
  4. Multiply inside host
  5. Causes damage to host
37
Q

True or False: Most bacteria are intracellular

A

FALSE MOST ARE EXTRACELLULAR

38
Q

Give examples of obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  1. Rickettsia
  2. Chlamydia
39
Q

Give examples of facultative intracellular pathogens

A
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Rhodococcus
  3. Bartonella
40
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria is known as ________

A

Plasmids

41
Q

How can bacteria transfer genetic material and virulence factors?

A
  1. Transformation (in the lab)
  2. Transduction (via bacteriophages)
  3. Conjugation (via plasmid)
42
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

mechanism that leads to a disease

43
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

ability of a microorganism to damage a host

44
Q

What is virulence?

A

relative capacity of a pathogen to damage a host

45
Q
A

Sem 3: BacT (16 decks)

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