Chlamydia and Coxiella - Muller Flashcards
Which characteristics are not shared between Chlamydia and Coxiella?
A. They stain on Modified ZN
B. They can cause abortion in ewes
C. They are bioterrorism agents
D. The unique lifecycle consisting of a resistant infectious form and a reproductive form
C - only Coxiella is a bioterrorism agent
Concerning avian chlamydiosis … which is true?
A. It is not zoonotic
B. Stress can precipitate increased shedding
C. Vaccines are available
D. It is not reportable
B
Which of the following does not reflect characteristics of Q fever?
A. Transmitted via aerosols
B. Raw milk can be a possible source of infection
C. Wind can spread the disease
D. Sheep and cattle are usually clinically infected
D
other than abortion they are clinically fine
For the diagnosis of Clinical Feline Chlamydia…
A. Blood is the best sample to collect
B. Conjunctival discharge is the best sample to collect
C. Feces is the best sample to collect
D. Urine is the best sample to collect
B
What is the resistant infectious form of chlamydia?
Elementary body
What is the non infectious form of chlamydia?
Reticulate body
True or False: Reticulate bodies from Chlamydia survive well in the environment
FALSE - fragile
Elementary bodies survive in enviro
What stain is used for Chlamydia?
Modified ZN and Giemsa
Shape of chlamydia?
Spherical
What is the reproductive form of chlamydia?
Reticulate body
replicated within the membrane bound cytoplasmic vacuoles of host cells
What chlamydia species are of zoonotic concern?
- C. psittaci (most zoonotic)
- C. felis
- C. abortus
Where does disease occur in Chlamydia?
Ocular, resp, GI, genitourinary mucosas
True or False: Chlamydia is host specific
TRUE
How is Chlamydia transmitted?
Direct contact, aerosols, ingestion
When using fluorescent Ab staining to detect Chlamydia, what are you looking for?
Elementary inclusion bodies
_______ is used for diagnosis and detection of carriers with Chlamydia
PCR
What bacteria causes avian chlamydiosis?
Chlamydia psittaci
What birds are most at risk for c. psittaci
psittacine birds and pigeons
Reportable Chlamydia spp?
Chlamydia psittaci / Avian chlamydiosis
How is avian chlamydiosis transmitted?
Inhalation or ingestion
When can avian chlamydiosis outbreak occur?
- STRESS !!
- Captivity
- Transport
- Egg laying
- Overcrowding
** increased shedding of dz
How can avian chlamydiosis be shed for long periods of time?
Carrier birds
Where can c. psittaci be found in an infected bird?
Respiratory or ocular discharge and feces
CS associated with avian chlamydiosis?
Nasal and ocular discharge, diarrhea, loss of condition, resp distress
Post mortem lesions associated with c. psittaci?
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Airsacculitis
- Peritonitis
What is important to know when using ELISA to diagnose avian chlamydiosis?
Must take paired samples to confirm active infection and not exposure
Best way to confirm c. psittaci?
PCR
How to prevent spread of c. psittaci?
quarantine new birds, minimize stress
CS associated with feline chlamydiosis?
Conjunctivitis, sometimes rhinitis
- Clear nasal discharge, chemosis (edema), blepharospasm
- Sneezing
How is chlamydia felis transmitted?
- Long term direct or indirect contact with conjunctival or nasal secretions
- Shed from resp tract
- Common in multi cat households
Who is most at risk for chlamydia felis?
Young cats! in a multi cat household or stressed situations
Incubation period for feline chlamydiosis?
5 days
A young cat is sneezing with mucopurulent discharge, what do you suspect?
Chlamydia felis secondary to staphylococcus infection
________ is useful to establish if chlamydia felis is endemic in a group of cats
Serology (ELISA, CF, IF)
A cat tests positive for chlamydia felis and lives in a house with 4 other cats that have no CS, how do you treat?
Must treat all in-contact cats, treat all 5
What Chlamydia spp causes abortion in shoats, pigs, and cattle?
Chlamydia abortus
How is chlamydia abortus introduced into clean flocks?
When infected replacement ewes abort
Where can chlamydia abortus be found in an infected animal?
Placenta and uterine discharges
How is chlamydia abortus transmitted?
Ingestion
Pathogenesis of chlamydia abortus?
Targets trophoblast layer giving rise to imflammation, vasculitis, and tissue necrosis
Results in:
- NECROTIC PLACENTITIS
- Abortion in late pregnancy or premature lambs
Which bacteria cause necrotic placentitis?
Chlamydia abortus and ovine genital campylobacteriosis
Can differentiate bc only c. abortus stains on modified ZN
CS associated with chlamydia abortus in ewes?
No CS usually other than abortion, fertility is unimpaired and they can get pregnant fine the next time around
What is a limitation of diagnosing chlamydia abortus using MZN staining of placenta smears?
Coxiella burnetti also stains on MZN and causes abortion in sheep
Can differentiate bc only chlamydia abortus causes necrotizing placentitis
How to treat and control chlamydia abortus?
- Isolating aborted ewes
- Eliminate abortion material
- Vaccinate
**Antibiotics dont eliminate infection :(
__________ spp of bacteria causes sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
Chlamydia pecorum
Who is most at risk for chlamydia pecorum?
Young cattle
________ has a mortality rate of 50%, resulting in fast death
Chlamydia pecorum / sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
CS associated with chlamydia pecorum?
Fever, incoordination, excessive salivation, diarrhea
Cows may become recumbent + die
Vascular damage to brain and other organs
Where would you take a PCR sample from a cow infected with chlamydia pecorum in order to diagnose?
Brain tissue
_________ is a bioterrorism agent
Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii key facts:
- Gram neg
- Zoonotic
- Pleomorphic coccobacillus
- Bioterrorism agent
- Aerosol transmitted
- Infects monocytes, macs, and trophoblasts
- Some are vector borne
What is the infectious form of coxiella burnetii?
Small cell variant - spore like form
What is the reproductive form of coxiella burnetii?
Large cell variant
________ spp of bacteria has spore like infectious form called small cell variant
Coxiella burnetii
Disease name associated with coxiella burnetii?
Q (Query) fever
How is coxiella burnetii transmitted?
Aerosol, DUST, tick-borne
Reportable coxiella spp?
Coxiella burnetii/ Q fever
also zoonotic!
How do vectors play a role in transmission of coxiella burnetii?
Ticks and tick dropping within sheep wool
Coxiella burnetii infects what animal spp?
Shoats and cattle
CS associated with coxiella burnetii?
Placentitis and abortion in shoats and cattle, cattle show less CS
Mastitis seen in cattle
Shoats shed coxiella burnetii via _______
Birth products, vaginal mucus, milk, urine, feces
Cattle shed coxiella burnetii via _______
Birth products, milk, urine, feces
What sample can be collected that contains many organisms of coxiella burnetii?
Birth products
Main reservoirs for coxiella burnetii?
Sheep and goats
How do males shed coxiella burnetii?
Feces
Humans at risk for coxiella burnetii?
Farmers and vets, anyone near a farm
CS of acute Q-fever in humans?
Flu like symptoms
Pneumonia and hepatitis sometimes
CS associated with chronic Q-fever in humans?
Endocarditis
** only really happens in immunocompromised
A neighbor down the street from a farm is diagnosed with Q-fever, how did she get infected?
Coxiella burnetii (small cell variant, spore like form) transmitted in dust, blew in the air
What stain is used to detect coxiella burnetii?
MZN but must differentiate from chlamydia abortus
What PCR samples should be taken from a sheep infected with coxiella burnetii?
Milk, feces, placenta
Vaginal swab to detect subclincal/carriers
Coxiella burnetii is hard to culture, and requires _________
Yolk sac of embryonated eggs and a BSL3 lab
What test is used to detect coxiella burnetii in a herd or flock?
ELISA or IF
How to control and prevent coxiella burnetii?
Isolate parturient ruminants from herd
Dispose of placentas and aborted fetuses
Diagnose herd by serology or PCR of bulk milk tank
Vaginal swab for carrier animals
