Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Support - supports softer tissue and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles
Protection - reduces the risk of injury by providing mechanical protection for body organs
Movement - muscles are attached to bones and when they contract the bones move
Blood production - RBC carry O2 and WBC which protect against infection are produced in the bone marrow of some bones
Storage of minerals - bones store minerals inc phosphorus & calcium which get released into blood

Question 2

Name all bones in a four-legged mammal

Answer 2

Maxilla, skull, cranium, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalange, tibia, femur, ribcage, metacarpals, carpals, ulna, radius, humerus, scapula, lower maxillary

Question 3

What are the axial and appendicular skeletons?

Answer 3

Axial - bones made up of head and trunk of the body
Appendicular - consists of upper and lower limbs and the body girdles that support them on the body trunk. these bones enable them to move. also protect organs.

Question 4

what’s included in the vertebral column?

Answer 4

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate

Question 5

what are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 5

long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular

Question 6

classification of a long bone

Answer 6

shape - longer than they are wide
e.g., femur in dog
function - acts as levers, aids locomotion and support
location - bones of limbs e.g., femur, humerus, tibia

Question 7

classification of a short bone

Answer 7

shape - equal dimensions
e.g., carpal in a cat
function - absorb impact
location - bones of the feet or the paw

Question 8

classification of a flat bone

Answer 8

shape - strong flat plates of bone
e.g., scapula in a horse
function - protect organs, muscles attach to them
location - bones of the pelvis, cranium, and scapula

Question 9

classification of a sesamoid bone

Answer 9

shape - short irregular bones embedded into tendon
e.g., patella in dog
function - reduce friction
location - bones in fetlock of a horse

Question 10

classification of an irregular bone

Answer 10

shape - odd shaped bone
e.g., vertebrae in giraffe
function - protection, support, anchor points
location - bones in vertebral column

Question 11

differences between avian and mammalian bones

Answer 11

avian - bones are pneumatised, have air pockets, reinforced wit honey comb structure which make bones lighter but strong. collarbone in birds in fused
mammal - made of bone marrow, dense bones

Question 12

what are joints?

Answer 12

point where 2+ bones meet

Question 13

3 types of joints & their characteristics

Answer 13

fibrous - no movement, found in skull, fixed by fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous - allow slight movement, found in spine and ribs (absorbs shock) , held together by cartilage
synovial - freely moveable and occur where 2 bones meet

Question 14

components of synovial joint & their functions

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage - reduces friction and absorbs shock
ligament - joins bone to bone for stabilising
tendon - joins muscle to bone and enables movement
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates joint
fibrous joint capsule - envelope around synovial joint

Question 15

what are muscles used for?

Answer 15

locomotion
organ movements
posture
heat generation

Question 16

types of synovial joints & their movements

Answer 16

hinge - flexion/extension e.g., elbow/knee
pivot - rotation of one bone around another e.g., top of neck
ball & socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external rotation e.g., shoulder/hip
gliding - gliding movement e.g., intercarpal joints
condyloid - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction e.g., wrist/phalanges
saddle - most movements apart from rotation e.g., thumb

Question 17

what does the integumentary system do?

Answer 17

protects the body from damage

Question 18

what’s the integumentary system made up of?

Answer 18

skin and its appendages (hair, scales, feathers, hooves and nails)

Question 19

three layers of skin

Answer 19

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

Question 20

what are the 3 skin glands & their functions?

Answer 20

sudoriferous - secretes sweat
sebaceous (oil) - secretes sebum which keep skin and hair lubricated
ceruminous - specialised sudoriferous glands that secrete ear wax

Question 21

what is hair made up of?

Answer 21

keratin

Question 22

what are the 2 types of hair?

Answer 22

downy - dense, fine, soft, which lie close to skin making up undercoat for insulation
guard - coarser, thicker, longer hairs for top coat, prevents injuries to the skin and influences the animals appearance

Question 23

describe nails

Answer 23

a nail matrix forms on top of dermis and the root of the nail grows from a thick layer of the matrix

Question 24

describe claws and hooves

Answer 24

made up of a section of the dermis which is covered in a layer of keratinised epithelium

Question 25

describe horns

Answer 25

hollow horns (goats) made from a cone of keratin which surrounds a mass of bone rhino horns are different as made from keratinised cells without core of bone

Question 26

describe antlers

Answer 26

they are bone, young antlers are covered in velvety skin that is rubbed off as the antlers develop and bone turns into compact bone tissue

Question 27

what are feathers made of?

Answer 27

B-keratin

Question 28

all feather types & where they are found

Answer 28

contour - gives bird shape and colour, can insulate flight - found in wings and tails, give strength to fly down - soft and fluffy, help with insulation bristle - found in eyes and mouth of insect eating birds, protect the eyes and help funnel food into mouth semi plume - found underneath contour feathers, used for insulation filoplume - very small and attached to nerve endings, send information to the brain about feather alignment

Question 29

feather functions

Answer 29

flight - FlF help bird stay airborne, CF make bird streamlined protection - feathers protect underlying skin and areas around eyes and mouth warmth - feathers are insulating, number of feathers change throughout years stealth - species like owls are adapted for silent flight displaying - as part of mating behaviours avoid predation - some have bright feathers for distraction to predators, others have camouflage walking - some have feathers on feet to help walk in snow

Question 30

methods of locomotion

Answer 30

hopping/leaping gliding running powered flight swimming climbing

Question 31

Adaptations of hopping/leaping

Answer 31

strong muscles, elastic tendons, long and powerful rear limbs e.g., kangaroos

Question 32

adaptations of gliding

Answer 32

lightweight skeleton with patagium, some have a tail or cartilaginous wrists to direct movement e.g., flying squirrel

Question 33

adaptations of running

Answer 33

long limbs, lightweight skeletons, some have flexible spine or absence of some bones to allow for more movement, some have tiny hairs on pads to help grip surfaces e.g polar bear

Question 34

adaptations of powered flight

Answer 34

long bones to form wings, lightweight bones with a honey comb structure, beaks lighter than mandible, feathers for flight or to provide waterproofing for diving e.g., birds

Question 35

adaptations of swimming

Answer 35

caudal vertebrae to give long tail for propulsion, fins e.g., dolphins

Question 36

adaptations of climbing

Answer 36

long limbs, opposable hands and feet, often a prehensile tail, keratinised nails and claws to improve grip e.g., monkeys and apes

Question 37

adaptations in a mammals musculoskeletal system

Answer 37

giraffe STABILITY - ligaments in lower limbs hoof to support weight dense limb bones with thick walls forelegs 10% longer to support neck FLEXIBILTY - ball&socket joints between cervical vertebrate & first and second thoracic vertebrate BALANCE - caudal vertebrate from tail

Question 38

adaptations in a birds muscoskeletal system

Answer 38

STABILITY - keeled sternum less bones fused vertebrate REDUCE WEIGHT - beak less bones hollow bones air cavities in bones (pneumatic) increases air reaching cells FLIGHT - more neck vertebrate STRENGTH - fused collarbone

Question 39

hip dysplasia in dogs summary

Answer 39

caused by malformation of hip joint, which deteriorates as it is unable to work properly. symptoms are loose joints, reduced activity, difficulty running or jumping, swaying gait, pain and decreased movement

Question 40

types of musculoskeletal disorders

Answer 40

hip dysplasia osteochondritis osteoarthritis

Question 41

osteochondritis summary

Answer 41

caused when normal development of cartilage is stopped. caused by genetics or trauma. symptoms - lameness, worse when exercising, inability to weight-bear on affected limbs, pain, muscle wastage

Question 42

osteoarthritis summary

Answer 42

very common and can give rise to other diseases, affects cartilage of joints leading to bones rubbing on bone. can alter shape of joint. causes are injuries, incorrect weight and insufficient nutrition. symptoms - stiffness, inability to rise and uneven gait. can lead to obesity and stress on joints

Question 43

describe the epidermis layer

Answer 43

waterproof, outer layer which keeps out pathogens & gives skin colour

Question 44

describe the dermis layer

Answer 44

middle layer that contains hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels & glands to regulate body temperature

Question 45

describe the subcutaneous layer

Answer 45

made of connective tissue and has a high amount of fat - insulation & shape