Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
5 functions of the skeleton?
Support - supports softer tissue and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles
Protection - reduces the risk of injury by providing mechanical protection for body organs
Movement - muscles are attached to bones and when they contract the bones move
Blood production - RBC carry O2 and WBC which protect against infection are produced in the bone marrow of some bones
Storage of minerals - bones store minerals inc phosphorus & calcium which get released into blood
Name all bones in a four-legged mammal
Maxilla, skull, cranium, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalange, tibia, femur, ribcage, metacarpals, carpals, ulna, radius, humerus, scapula, lower maxillary
What are the axial and appendicular skeletons?
Axial - bones made up of head and trunk of the body
Appendicular - consists of upper and lower limbs and the body girdles that support them on the body trunk. these bones enable them to move. also protect organs.
what’s included in the vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate
what are the 5 types of bones?
long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular
classification of a long bone
shape - longer than they are wide
e.g., femur in dog
function - acts as levers, aids locomotion and support
location - bones of limbs e.g., femur, humerus, tibia
classification of a short bone
shape - equal dimensions
e.g., carpal in a cat
function - absorb impact
location - bones of the feet or the paw
classification of a flat bone
shape - strong flat plates of bone
e.g., scapula in a horse
function - protect organs, muscles attach to them
location - bones of the pelvis, cranium, and scapula
classification of a sesamoid bone
shape - short irregular bones embedded into tendon
e.g., patella in dog
function - reduce friction
location - bones in fetlock of a horse
classification of an irregular bone
shape - odd shaped bone
e.g., vertebrae in giraffe
function - protection, support, anchor points
location - bones in vertebral column
differences between avian and mammalian bones
avian - bones are pneumatised, have air pockets, reinforced wit honey comb structure which make bones lighter but strong. collarbone in birds in fused
mammal - made of bone marrow, dense bones
what are joints?
point where 2+ bones meet
3 types of joints & their characteristics
fibrous - no movement, found in skull, fixed by fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous - allow slight movement, found in spine and ribs (absorbs shock) , held together by cartilage
synovial - freely moveable and occur where 2 bones meet
components of synovial joint & their functions
hyaline cartilage - reduces friction and absorbs shock
ligament - joins bone to bone for stabilising
tendon - joins muscle to bone and enables movement
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates joint
fibrous joint capsule - envelope around synovial joint
what are muscles used for?
locomotion
organ movements
posture
heat generation
types of synovial joints & their movements
hinge - flexion/extension e.g., elbow/knee
pivot - rotation of one bone around another e.g., top of neck
ball & socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external rotation e.g., shoulder/hip
gliding - gliding movement e.g., intercarpal joints
condyloid - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction e.g., wrist/phalanges
saddle - most movements apart from rotation e.g., thumb
what does the integumentary system do?
protects the body from damage
what’s the integumentary system made up of?
skin and its appendages (hair, scales, feathers, hooves and nails)
