Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
5 functions of the skeleton?
Support - supports softer tissue and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles
Protection - reduces the risk of injury by providing mechanical protection for body organs
Movement - muscles are attached to bones and when they contract the bones move
Blood production - RBC carry O2 and WBC which protect against infection are produced in the bone marrow of some bones
Storage of minerals - bones store minerals inc phosphorus & calcium which get released into blood
Name all bones in a four-legged mammal
Maxilla, skull, cranium, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalange, tibia, femur, ribcage, metacarpals, carpals, ulna, radius, humerus, scapula, lower maxillary
What are the axial and appendicular skeletons?
Axial - bones made up of head and trunk of the body
Appendicular - consists of upper and lower limbs and the body girdles that support them on the body trunk. these bones enable them to move. also protect organs.
what’s included in the vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal vertebrate
what are the 5 types of bones?
long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular
classification of a long bone
shape - longer than they are wide
e.g., femur in dog
function - acts as levers, aids locomotion and support
location - bones of limbs e.g., femur, humerus, tibia
classification of a short bone
shape - equal dimensions
e.g., carpal in a cat
function - absorb impact
location - bones of the feet or the paw
classification of a flat bone
shape - strong flat plates of bone
e.g., scapula in a horse
function - protect organs, muscles attach to them
location - bones of the pelvis, cranium, and scapula
classification of a sesamoid bone
shape - short irregular bones embedded into tendon
e.g., patella in dog
function - reduce friction
location - bones in fetlock of a horse
classification of an irregular bone
shape - odd shaped bone
e.g., vertebrae in giraffe
function - protection, support, anchor points
location - bones in vertebral column
differences between avian and mammalian bones
avian - bones are pneumatised, have air pockets, reinforced wit honey comb structure which make bones lighter but strong. collarbone in birds in fused
mammal - made of bone marrow, dense bones
what are joints?
point where 2+ bones meet
3 types of joints & their characteristics
fibrous - no movement, found in skull, fixed by fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous - allow slight movement, found in spine and ribs (absorbs shock) , held together by cartilage
synovial - freely moveable and occur where 2 bones meet
components of synovial joint & their functions
hyaline cartilage - reduces friction and absorbs shock
ligament - joins bone to bone for stabilising
tendon - joins muscle to bone and enables movement
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates joint
fibrous joint capsule - envelope around synovial joint
what are muscles used for?
locomotion
organ movements
posture
heat generation
types of synovial joints & their movements
hinge - flexion/extension e.g., elbow/knee
pivot - rotation of one bone around another e.g., top of neck
ball & socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external rotation e.g., shoulder/hip
gliding - gliding movement e.g., intercarpal joints
condyloid - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction e.g., wrist/phalanges
saddle - most movements apart from rotation e.g., thumb
what does the integumentary system do?
protects the body from damage
what’s the integumentary system made up of?
skin and its appendages (hair, scales, feathers, hooves and nails)
three layers of skin
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
what are the 3 skin glands & their functions?
sudoriferous - secretes sweat
sebaceous (oil) - secretes sebum which keep skin and hair lubricated
ceruminous - specialised sudoriferous glands that secrete ear wax
what is hair made up of?
keratin
what are the 2 types of hair?
downy - dense, fine, soft, which lie close to skin making up undercoat for insulation
guard - coarser, thicker, longer hairs for top coat, prevents injuries to the skin and influences the animals appearance
describe nails
a nail matrix forms on top of dermis and the root of the nail grows from a thick layer of the matrix
describe claws and hooves
made up of a section of the dermis which is covered in a layer of keratinised epithelium
describe horns
hollow horns (goats) made from a cone of keratin which surrounds a mass of bone
rhino horns are different as made from keratinised cells without core of bone
describe antlers
they are bone, young antlers are covered in velvety skin that is rubbed off as the antlers develop and bone turns into compact bone tissue
what are feathers made of?
B-keratin
all feather types & where they are found
contour - gives bird shape and colour, can insulate
flight - found in wings and tails, give strength to fly
down - soft and fluffy, help with insulation
bristle - found in eyes and mouth of insect eating birds, protect the eyes and help funnel food into mouth
semi plume - found underneath contour feathers, used for insulation
filoplume - very small and attached to nerve endings, send information to the brain about feather alignment
feather functions
flight - FlF help bird stay airborne, CF make bird streamlined
protection - feathers protect underlying skin and areas around eyes and mouth
warmth - feathers are insulating, number of feathers change throughout years
stealth - species like owls are adapted for silent flight
displaying - as part of mating behaviours
avoid predation - some have bright feathers for distraction to predators, others have camouflage
walking - some have feathers on feet to help walk in snow
methods of locomotion
hopping/leaping
gliding
running
powered flight
swimming
climbing
Adaptations of hopping/leaping
strong muscles, elastic tendons, long and powerful rear limbs e.g., kangaroos
adaptations of gliding
lightweight skeleton with patagium, some have a tail or cartilaginous wrists to direct movement e.g., flying squirrel
adaptations of running
long limbs, lightweight skeletons, some have flexible spine or absence of some bones to allow for more movement, some have tiny hairs on pads to help grip surfaces e.g polar bear
adaptations of powered flight
long bones to form wings, lightweight bones with a honey comb structure, beaks lighter than mandible, feathers for flight or to provide waterproofing for diving e.g., birds
adaptations of swimming
caudal vertebrae to give long tail for propulsion, fins e.g., dolphins
adaptations of climbing
long limbs, opposable hands and feet, often a prehensile tail, keratinised nails and claws to improve grip e.g., monkeys and apes
adaptations in a mammals musculoskeletal system
giraffe
STABILITY -
ligaments in lower limbs
hoof to support weight
dense limb bones with thick walls
forelegs 10% longer to support neck
FLEXIBILTY -
ball&socket joints between cervical vertebrate & first and second thoracic vertebrate
BALANCE -
caudal vertebrate from tail
adaptations in a birds muscoskeletal system
STABILITY -
keeled sternum
less bones
fused vertebrate
REDUCE WEIGHT -
beak
less bones
hollow bones
air cavities in bones (pneumatic) increases air reaching cells
FLIGHT -
more neck vertebrate
STRENGTH -
fused collarbone
hip dysplasia in dogs summary
caused by malformation of hip joint, which deteriorates as it is unable to work properly. symptoms are loose joints, reduced activity, difficulty running
or jumping, swaying gait, pain and decreased movement
types of musculoskeletal disorders
hip dysplasia
osteochondritis
osteoarthritis
osteochondritis summary
caused when normal development of cartilage is stopped. caused by genetics or trauma. symptoms - lameness, worse when exercising, inability to weight-bear on affected limbs, pain, muscle wastage
osteoarthritis summary
very common and can give rise to other diseases, affects cartilage of joints leading to bones rubbing on bone. can alter shape of joint. causes are injuries, incorrect weight and insufficient nutrition. symptoms - stiffness, inability to rise and uneven gait. can lead to obesity and stress on joints
describe the epidermis layer
waterproof, outer layer which keeps out pathogens & gives skin colour
describe the dermis layer
middle layer that contains hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels & glands to regulate body temperature
describe the subcutaneous layer
made of connective tissue and has a high amount of fat - insulation & shape
