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Animal Biology > Avian/Birds > Flashcards

Avian/Birds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe avian bones.

A

bones are pneumatised- have air pockets, honey comb structure making the bones lighter but strong. their collarbone is also fused for stability

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2
Q

how are birds adapted? 8 adaptations.

A

STABILITY:
- fused vertebrate
- keeled sternum
- less bones
REDUCED WEIGHT:
- hollow bones
- less bones
- mandible
FLIGHT
- more neck vertebrate (groom feathers) = flight smooth
AIR CAVITIES

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3
Q

describe bird digestion.

A
  • use tongue to move food to back of mouth and swallowed
  • down oesophagus to the crop
  • to the proventriculus, digestive enzymes & hydrochloric acid are added
  • food moves to ventriculus (mechanical digestion)
  • where large and small intestine join there are 2 ceca (water reabsorbed) & food fermented
  • out the cloaca
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4
Q

function of the crop?

A

temporary storage area

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5
Q

what is removed through the cloaca?

A

mix of digestive waste and urinary waste removed in one substance

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6
Q

describe the oral cavity of birds.

A

birds beak = made of bone, keratin and blood vessels
they grow continually grow throughout life and worn down by grooming, feeding, climbing & rubbing
shape is adapted to type of food they eat. E.g., pelican has large lower beak for scooping fish

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7
Q

what type of vision does an owl have? describe it.

A

binocular vision- eyes overlap to create single 3D image
weakness - eye positioning = narrower field of vision
strength - better depth perception

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8
Q

components of the avian respiratory system.

A
  • Nares (nostrils)
  • Larynx (not for vocalisation - SYRINX is)
  • Air Sacs (7-9 that extend into some bones)
  • No Diaphragm (pressure changes through air sacs)
  • Air Capillaires (gas exchange occurs)
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9
Q

what happens in avian ventilation?

A
  1. inhalation - air passes through larynx, trachea and into posterior air sacs
  2. exhalation - air goes from posterior air sacs, to lungs via ventrobronchi and dorsalbronchi
  3. inhalation - air moves from lungs to cranial air sacs
  4. exhalation - air moves from cranial air sacs through syrinx, trachea and out of nares
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10
Q

how many respiratory cycles do birds have?

A

2

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11
Q

components of bird excretory system.

A
  • the ureters
  • cloaca allows urine & other waste products to be cleared out of body
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12
Q

how do birds remove nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia in the form of uric acid, no water required and is an insoluble substance

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13
Q

describe uric acid.

A

converted from nitrogenous waste, it is nearly non-toxic. uses more energy to make than urea, requires less water to produce meaning birds require less water in body and are lighter for flight.

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14
Q

what happens when the female reaches sexual maturity? female reproductive system.

A

the right ovary and oviduct degenerate leaving one functional ovary.

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15
Q

what happens to the ovary? female reproductive system.

A

it appears as a cluster which is composed of oocytes, then ovum (eggs) may develop over time. the ovum formation occurs from collection of lipid particles from blood forming the yolk.

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16
Q

what does the oviduct consist of? female reproductive system.

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. magnum
  3. isthmus
  4. uterus
  5. cloaca
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17
Q

what does the male reproductive system consist of?

A

testes
epididymis
vas deferens
papillae
cloaca

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18
Q

describe the phallus.

A

a copulatory organ which becomes inflamed with lymph during mating and allows semen to be deposited into the female.

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19
Q

what are androgens?

A

male sex hormones (e.g., testosterone) produced by the testes

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20
Q

what does androgen do?

A

responsible for the production of sperm and leading to sexual activity. they control secondary sexual characteristics.

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21
Q

what do eggs provide chicks?

A

environment & nutrition.

22
Q

name & describe the structure of an egg.

A

shell - made of calcium carbonate and is hard to protect the developing chick, semi permeable for gas exchange, stops unwanted substances entering shell
inner & outer shell membranes -made up of proteins and lie between egg shell and albumen . they are an effective defence against bacteria
chalaza - spiral strand that holds the yolk in the egg white. there’s 2, chalazae
air cell - gap between the shell membranes
albumen - egg white, contains variety of proteins
yolk - yellow part of egg that provides food & nutrition for developing embryo

23
Q

what are the four extra embryonic membranes?

A
  1. chorion
  2. amnion
  3. allantois
  4. yolk sac
24
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

process starts with copulation, the male puts sperm into oviduct of female by depositing sperm from papillae to wall of females cloaca.

25
Q

how long can sperm linger for in the females oviduct?

A

3 weeks but only have full fertilising ability for 6 days.

26
Q

what’s the oviduct?

A

where egg is developed before it is laid, egg formed over 25 hours.

27
Q

how long does the egg spend in each part of the oviduct?

A

infundibulum - 15 minutes
magnum - 3 hours
isthmus - 1 hour
uterus - 21 hours
cloaca - less than a minute

28
Q

how many eggs can a chicken lay a year?

A

200-300

29
Q

what are the incubation periods for chickens, pheasants, ducks, barn owls?

A

chickens - 21 days
pheasants - 23-24 days
ducks - 28 days
barn owls - 31 days

30
Q

what is the incubation period?

A

period where the embryo is developed from the inside of the egg until it hatches.

31
Q

what factors can affect egg production and why?

A
  1. availability of light - stimulates production
  2. food availability, diet &health - poor nutrition or health can cause a cease
  3. temperature - optimum egg temps are 11-26 degrees c, below or above that prevents production
  4. other factors such as breed, housing, husbandry, age, moulting, weather
32
Q

what can under or overheating the eggs cause?

A

abnormal embryos developing

33
Q

why is the humidity level important whilst eggs incubate?

A

having 60% the first 18 days and 70% for last days will prevent them drying out

34
Q

why is ventilation important during incubation?

A

oxygen can enter cell which increases gradually when egg is about to hatch

35
Q

why should you turn the eggs at least 3 times a day?

A

will stop the embryo sticking to the inside of the shell

36
Q

what are the ureters in a avian excretory system?

A

2 tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the cloaca

37
Q

function of the cloaca.

A

allows urine & other waste products to be cleared out of body

38
Q

what happens in the infundibulum?

A

receives egg & where fertilisation take place

39
Q

what happens in the magnum?

A

secretes albumen

40
Q

what happens in the isthmus?

A

adds shell membrane

41
Q

what happens in the uterus?

A

secretes the shell & shell pigment

42
Q

what happens in the cloaca?

A

where egg and waste products pass out

43
Q

where are the testes located ?

A

abdominal cavity

44
Q

what happens in the epididymis?

A

where the sperm is stored

45
Q

where’s the vas deferens?

A

extended from the epididymis to the cloaca

46
Q

what does the vas deferens do?

A

transport sperm

47
Q

what does the papillae do?

A

emit semen into the cloaca of the female

48
Q

what does the yolk sac membrane do?

A

digestive functions = food source for embryo & used by chick when hatched

49
Q

what does the chorion membrane do?

A

surrounds embryo & allows gas exchange

50
Q

what does the amnion membrane do?

A

forms sac to protect embryo & help hold amniotic fluid (shock absorber)

51
Q

what does the allantois membrane do?

A

develops large circulatory system, allowing respiratory, excretory & digestive functions

Animal Biology (34 decks)

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