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Animal Biology > Animal Cells > Flashcards

Animal Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are types of eukaryotic cells?

A

animals, plants, fungi

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2
Q

what are types of prokaryotic cells?

A

archaea, bacteria

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3
Q

what’s the difference between eukaryotes & prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes;
- nucleus containing DNA
- contains organelles
- surrounded by cell membrane
- make up multicellular organisms

prokaryotes;
- free DNA, no nucleus
- no organelles
- smaller than eukaryotes
- form single celled organisms

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4
Q

what are the components of an animal cell? /14

A

nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, cilia, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, centrioles, peroxisomes, cytoplasm

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5
Q

what’s the function of a nucleus?

A

cells control centre, coordinates cells activities and stores cells DNA.

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6
Q

what’s the function of a nucleolus?

A

store cells RNA and important in production of ribosomes.

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7
Q

what’s the function of mitochondria?

A

site of respiration using O2, produces ATP

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8
Q

what’s the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

contains ribosomes and is important in storage & formation of proteins

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9
Q

what’s the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

important in production & storage of lipids & steroids

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10
Q

what’s the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

works together with the ER and important in storing and packing molecules (proteins & lipids) in vesicles ready for transport

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11
Q

what’s the function of lysosomes?

A

contain enzymes who digest waste products and debris. some have conventional lysosomes others have secretory lysosomes

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12
Q

what’s the function of plasma membrane?

A

encloses the cells contents

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13
Q

what’s the function of cilia?

A

short microscopic hair like structures, move fluid past the cells surface and helps move the cell

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14
Q

what’s the function of cytoskeleton?

A

maintains cells shape , its made up of microtubules (position organelles), actin filaments (cytokinesis & cell movements) and immediate filaments (provide strength & support).

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15
Q

what’s the function of ribosomes?

A

2 sub units which join together to manufacture proteins. 80s ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells 70s ribosomes in prokaryotes

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16
Q

what’s the function of centrioles?

A

2 hollow cylinders arranged at right angles to each other to form centrosomes. they are important in spindle formation during cell division

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17
Q

what’s the function of peroxisomes?

A

small vesicles containing oxidative enzymes, help to remove toxic substances

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18
Q

what’s the name of the model of the plasma membrane?

A

fluid mosaic model

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19
Q

what are the main components of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

describe phospholipids.

A

they have a hydrophilic (water loving) head - phosphate head and a hydrophobic (water hating) tail - fatty acids, these phospholipids form a bilayer

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21
Q

describe the bilayer.

A

contains proteins, some are integral and cross the membrane and others are peripheral and are found on the one side of the membrane

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22
Q

what are the phospholipids and proteins attached to?

A

phospholipids - glycolipid chains
proteins - glycoprotein chains

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23
Q

what’s the role of the plasma membrane?

A
  • partially permeable & controls what exits or enters the cell
  • separates contents of cell from outside environment
  • allows other cells to recognise the cell as belonging to body
  • allows cells to signal each other
  • allows molecules (hormones/drugs) to bind to receptors in membrane
  • holds components of some chemical reactions (enzymes) in place
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24
Q

why is it called the fluid mosaic model?

A

describes the cell membrane due to the fact it looks mosaic as it is made up of variety of different size components and its fluid because

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25
Q

what do the internal plasma membranes around organelles do?

A

separate contents of the organelles from cytoplasm and allow molecules be transported in and out of organelle

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26
Q

function of phospholipids.

A

controls what enters & exits the cell

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27
Q

function of integral proteins.

A

transport molecules in and out of the cell

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28
Q

function of glycoproteins & glycolipids.

A

cell recognition, cell signalling and receptors

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29
Q

function of peripheral proteins.

A

enzymes

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30
Q

functions of cholesterol.

A

maintains stability of cell.

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of microscopes?

A
  • the light microscope
  • the electron microscope
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32
Q

describe the light microscope.

A

use light and different lenses to magnify objects to allow the image to be seen through an eye piece. best magnification with good resolution is x1000. ONLY LIVING SPECIMEN, gives image in colour

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33
Q

describe the electron microscope.

A

uses electron instead of light to produce detailed images with high magnification (x200000 to x2000000) and high resolution ONLY NON LIVING SPECIMEN, gives image in black and white

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34
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes?

A
  • transmission electron microscope
  • scanning electron microscope
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35
Q

what’s the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size
____________
actual size

36
Q

define magnification.

A

enlarging the apparent size of something not its physical size

37
Q

define resolution.

A

ability to distinguish 2 objects from each other

38
Q

what do microscopes allow?

A

allow us to see cells & structures by magnifying them

39
Q

what are the components of a light microscope?

A

eye piece, objective lens, stage, course focus, fine focus, light source

40
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

it is a medium for chemical reactions

41
Q

what are the components of the plasma membrane

A
42
Q

describe how you prepare a side for a light microscope

A
43
Q

what is staining used for

A
44
Q

what is gram staining

A
45
Q

what is eosin

A
46
Q

what is iodine

A
47
Q

what is methylene blue

A
48
Q

what is DNA

A
49
Q

where are chromosomes found & what do they contain

A
50
Q

describe chromosomes

A
51
Q

functions of cell division

A
52
Q

what process produces sperm and egg cells

A
53
Q

describe mitosis

A
54
Q

what’s a diploid

A
55
Q

what are mutations of DNA caused by

A
56
Q

describe osteogenesis imperfecta

A
57
Q

what are genes

A
58
Q

what are the bases of dna

A
59
Q

what do the bases of dna form

A
60
Q

what does a triplet code for

A
61
Q

what do polypeptide chains make up

A
62
Q

what are proteins made of

A
63
Q

what is dna formed by

A
64
Q

what does dna do

A
65
Q

what is dna made up of

A
66
Q

what are the pairings that form a double helix

A
67
Q

what are plant and animal cells surrounded by

A
68
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A
69
Q

what are the 2 types of cell transport

A
70
Q

what are the types of active transport

A
71
Q

what are the types of passive transport

A
72
Q

what are the 2 types of diffusion

A
73
Q

what is osmosis

A
74
Q

what is simple diffusion

A
75
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A
76
Q

describe endocytosis

A
77
Q

describe exocytosis

A
78
Q

describe phagocytosis

A
79
Q

describe pinocytosis

A
80
Q

what’s the process of exocytosis

A
81
Q

what’s the process of pinocytosis

A
82
Q

what is ATP

A
83
Q

describe the conversion of ATP

A
84
Q

what happens in a sodium potassium pump

A
85
Q

what are the stages of the sodium potassium pump

A

Animal Biology (34 decks)

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