Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Biology > Circulatory & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Circulatory & Respiratory System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does blood do

A

transports materials and heat around the body and helps to protect against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

structure and function of RBC (erythrocytes)

A

S - biconcave shape to max s.a for O2 absorption, they are small and flexible so they can fit through narrow blood vessels

F- O2 deliverers, they carry back waste gases or CO2. contain haemoglobin, they have no nucleus so they can hold more haemoglobin (contains iron that combines with O2 to make blood red)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structure and function of WBC (leukocytes)

A

S - various structures inc granular cytoplasm, a large nucleus and a lobed nucleus

F - defend the body against disease, consists of B lymphocytes responsible for making anti bodies and T lymphocytes that initiate the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of WBC

A

lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structure and functions of platelets

A

S - fragments of cells with proteins attached to their surface, these allow them to stick together during clotting

F - make up rest of blood, help your body to repair by stopping bleeding after illness or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structure and function of plasma

A

S - clear, pale straw coloured liquid that makes up the fluid component of blood

F - liquid apart of the blood and is involved with material transport such as hormones, CO2 and waste. makes up over half the vol of blood 55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the circulatory system allow

A

allows the blood to circulate around the body and transports nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones, waste and blood cells to an from each cell in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

circulatory system

A

made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels, the heart pumps blood around the body by contracting and relaxing, blood pumped around heart and body via network of vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does having a double circulatory system mean

A

blood travels through 2 circuits, pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood at higher pressure from the heart to parts of the body so they have a thick layer of elastic tissue in the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood at a lower pressure from the body back to the heart so have less elastic tissue than arteries. valves stop the blood from flowing backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

capillaries

A

have thin walls that allow exchange of compounds such as nutrients, glucose, O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

label the blood vessels on a drawn diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structure of the heart

A

mammals and birds have a 4 chambered heart, the system is very efficient and doesn’t allow oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure and function of aorta

A

largest artery which is very elastic and thick as it has to withstand large pressures as it carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

structure and function of vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood to the heart is made up of superior and inferior vena cava and is not as thick due to less pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the heart chambers

A

atria -

ventricles - more muscular as blood is rushed out the heart at a higher pressure and around the body

both have muscular walls that help them pump blood

left side is more muscular as pumps blood around body while right side just pumps blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name the valves

A

semi lunar valves - aortic/mitral valve & pulmonic valve

atrioventricular valves - bicuspid & tricuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what’s the cardiac cycle

A

series of events that occur when the heart beats, this circulates the blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits that make up the double circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is the double circulatory system more efficient for transporting oxygenated blood around body

A

because oxygenated and deoxygenated are kept separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in the lungs in DCS

A

CO2 is removed from blood and O2 is taken up by the haemoglobin by RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do in DCS

A

carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe what happens in the systemic circuit

A
  • carries blood around the body to deliver O2 and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • this is broken down further into the cardiac cycle which is the sequence of mechanical and electrical events that are repeated every heartbeat and inc 2 phases
    • diastole
    • systole
  • frequency of the cardiac cycle is monitored by the heart rate which is recorded by number of beats per min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what’s diastole

A

relaxation phase, during this stage the BP is at its lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what’s systole

A

contraction phase, where the BP rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens at the left side of the heart during cardiac cycle

A
  • blood drains into the left atrium from lungs along pulmonary vein
  • raising of the BP in the left atrium forces the left tricuspid valve open
  • contraction of the left atrial muscle forces more blood up the valve
  • as soon as left atrial systole is over, the left ventricular muscles start to contract, this is called left ventricular systole
  • this forces the left tricuspid valve to close and opens the semilunar (aortic), blood then leaves the left ventricle along the aorta

SAME THING HAPPENS ON RIGHT SIDE AT SAME TIME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what’s the pathway to a heart beat

A
  1. sinoatrial node - causes an impulse to travel through the atria causing them to contract and force blood into the ventricles, this node sets the rhythm and rate
  2. atrioventricular node - detects the impulse travelling through the atria and redirects the impulse to the bundle of his, causing a delay slowing the spread of the electrical impulse across the heart allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles
  3. bundle of his - group of fibres in the septum which the impulse travels through to the base of the ventricles
  4. purkinje fibres - these fibres act like neurons and are found in walls of ventricles, the impulse from the bundle of his reaches these fibres which cause ventricles to contract
28
Q

what makes the heart beat

A

electrical signals trigger muscles to contract and relax

29
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors in the heart detect changes in the pressure of the blood filling the atria, these send signals to the CNS which triggers vasodilation, reducing pressure in the blood

30
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

allows air to pass in and out of an animals body for efficient gas exchange to happen

31
Q

what’s included in the mammals respiratory system

A

larynx- at the top of the trachea the origin vocalisation

pharynx- area at the back of the throat

alveoli- tiny pockets in the lungs with a rich blood supply

lungs- the main respiratory organ in vertebrates

trachea- tube connecting the pharynx and larynx to the lungs maintained by rings of cartilage

bronchioles- smaller airways connecting the bronchi to the alveoli

bronchi- main airways leading to the lungs, one for each lung

32
Q

what happens in mammalian ventilation (inhale)

A

diaphragm & intercostal muscles - CONTRACT

thorax volume - INCREASE

pressure - DECREASE

air flow - IN

OPPOSITE FOR EXHALE

33
Q

how does the air flow through the body

A

atmosphere > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > blood > cells > blood > alveoli > bronchioles > bronchi > trachea > atmosphere

34
Q

what’s included in the avian respiratory system

A

nares - avian equiv. for nostrils

larynx - not used for vocalisation, syrinx is used for vocalisation

air sacs - 7 or 9 which extend into some bones

no diaphragm - pressure changes move air through sacs

air capillaries - instead of alveoli for G.E

35
Q

how many respiratory cycles do birds need

A

2

36
Q

explain avian respiration

A
  1. INHALATION - air passes through larynx, trachea and into the posterior air sacs
  2. EXHALATION - air moves from posterior air sacs to the lungs via ventrobronchi and dorsalbronchi
  3. INHALATION - air moves from lungs to the cranial air sacs
  4. EXHALATION - air moves from cranial air sacs through the syrinx, trachea and out the nares
37
Q

what is respiration

A

the release of energy from glucose or another organic chemical like lipid or protein.

38
Q

what’s the energy released for in respiration

A

growth, new materials, movement and heat production in some animals

39
Q

what’s aerobic respiration

A

release of O2 from the breakdown of glucose by combining with O2 to produce energy, happens in mitochondria of cells. MORE EFFICIENT THAN ANAEROBIC

40
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

41
Q

what’s anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without air, short term energy method used when animals cannot exchange enough O2 to carry out aerobic respiration. happens in the cytoplasm of the cells and leaves a poisonous chemical lactic acid - causes pain and stops muscles working well

42
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic acid + ATP

43
Q

what detects change in blood composition

A

receptors

44
Q

what happens when blood O2 increases

A

HR - decreases
respiratory rate - decreases
respiratory vol - decreases

OPPOSITE FOR BLOOD CO2 INCREASES

45
Q

why does oxygen debt occur

A

temporary shortage in oxygen during anaerobic respiration and continues till lactic acid is broken down

46
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

in the lungs in the alveoli which are surrounded by a network of capillaries which are vital for g.e to take place

47
Q

g.e at the lungs

A
  • gases move by diffusion, from a high conc to a low conc
  • O2 diffuses from air in alveoli into blood
  • CO2 diffuses from blood into air in alveoli
48
Q

how are alveoli adapted for efficient g.e

A

very thin with large s.a

49
Q

how does it all fit together

A

haemoglobin in RBC loads O2 at the lungs and unloads it at respiring tissues and then loads CO2 at respiring tissues and unloads it at the lungs

50
Q

haemoglobin description

A
  • protein found in RBC, carries 4 O2 molecules, used for transport O2 around body and removes CO2 as waste products.
51
Q

myoglobin description

A
  • found in muscle cells, its an oxygen and iron binding protein which releases O2 to muscle cells when O2 conc is low, only carries one O2 molecule and acts as an O2 store
52
Q

foetal haemoglobin description

A

a foetus cannot use its lungs and so relies on exchanging O2 and CO2 via diffusion from mothers blood, it has a higher affinity for O2 and so is more efficient at extracting O2 from maternal circulation

53
Q

what’s the Bohr effect

A

when rates of respiration increase, there is an increased amount of CO2 in blood that dissolves and forms carbonic acid, this lowers the pH of the blood and causes the haemoglobin in the blood to release more O2 so when exercising the muscles can continue to work at the same rate

54
Q

what’s the lymphatic system for

A

its important for fighting infections, not all animals have it

55
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

works alongside the blood circulatory system to help rid of toxins and any unwanted material

56
Q

what’s the lymphatic system made up of

A

lymph vessels, tissues and organs

57
Q

what is lymph

A

a clear fluid rich in WBC especially lymphocytes, it is formed from blood plasma which is forced out of blood vessels by pressure and moves around tissues until it collects in lymph vessels

58
Q

describe lymph organs

A

the thymus and the spleen are both directly connected to the lymphatic system

59
Q

describe lymph nodes

A

e.g axillary node - found along lymph vessels, these filter the lymph to get rid of the toxins, waste and pathogens

60
Q

describe lymph vessels

A

act like veins and capillaries to transport the lymph

61
Q

describe thymus

A

located in the front of the heart, this is where T cells mature which destroy virus infected cells and can instruct the body to release other cells to target the infection

62
Q

describe lymph composition

A

varies depending on location in the body, health of the animal and diet, in general contains protein, glucose, lipids, salt, leukocytes and water

63
Q

describe spleen

A

controls levels of erythrocytes in the blood and is where B cells mature which secrete anti bodies

64
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. returns interstitial fluid from tissues to the circulatory system
  2. filters lymph to remove waste and toxic materials
  3. produces and transports antibodies and lymphocytes
  4. transports digested fats from intestine to other sites in the body for storage
65
Q

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) disease

A

causes the mitral valve to degenerate so it doesn’t close fully with each pumping action of the heart and causes blood to flow backwards, can lead to heart failure due to valve collapsing.

symptoms - heart murmur, shortness of breath, coughing and a reduced exercise ability

treatment - medication, low sodium diet and exercise restriction

66
Q

heart murmurs

A

caused by abnormal blood flow through the heart from abnormal heart structure

symptoms - depend on extent of structural problem but coughing, weaknesses and problems exercising are common.
the prognosis varies depending on the cause of the murmur, some heart murmurs can resolve themselves or be treated with diet, medication and possibly surgery

67
Q

von willebrand disease

A

caused by insufficient amounts of a clotting factor resulting in blood not clotting properly
three types
- type 1(least severe)
- type 2
- type 3(most severe)

symptoms - unexplained bleeding, blood in urine or faeces, excessive bleeding from minor wounds or surgeries and lameness in joints

no treatments but can be managed by reducing potential for bleeding to occur and managing bleeding that does occur

Animal Biology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions