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Bioscience 2 > Musculoskeletal System 1 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Components of the muscular system

A

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

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2
Q

Common prefix for components of the muscular system

A

My-, myo-, mus-, musculo-,
e.g. musculocutaneous nerve, myocardium

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3
Q

3 Components of the skeletal system

A

Bones, Cartilage, Joints

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4
Q

Common prefixes for components of the skeletal system

A

Os-, Osteo-, Oss-
e.g. Ossiculum, Ossification

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5
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage -> bones act as mineral stores for calcium and phosphorous
Haematopoeisis -> formation of blood cellular compartments

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6
Q

Classification of bones

A

Flat bone -> key for protection e.g skull
Long bone
Irregular bone
Short bone
Sesamoid -> (floating bone) e.g found within patella tendon

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7
Q

Anatomical sections of a long bone

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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8
Q

Key anatomical features of a long bone

A

Articular surface (articular cartilage)
Epiphyseal line
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Marrow/ medullary cavity
Periosteum
Bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

= the spine

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10
Q

What is the bony thorax?

A

= rib cage

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11
Q

What are girdles?

A

the point at which limbs attach e.g. shoulder girdle

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12
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Skull / cranium
  • Vertebral column
  • Bony thorax
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13
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Limbs (Appendages)
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
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14
Q

What are the 2 regions of the skull?

A

Skeleton of head and cranial vault - Neurocranium
Skeleton of face - Viscerocranium

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15
Q

Role of the skull

A
  • Facilitates initial entry of food, oxygen etc into the body
  • Supports organs of special senses
  • Protects brain

Made up of may bones.

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16
Q

5 Regions of the Vertebral Column

A

Cervical - neck region
Thoracic - associated with ribs
Lumbar - spine / vertebra in lower back
Sacral- between last vertebra and hip bone
Coccygeal (caudalis) - bone structure at base of spine

17
Q

Role of the bony thorax

A
  • Muscle attachment
  • Protect thoracic organs
  • Respiration

Consists of ribs and sternum
Attached to thoracic vertebral column

18
Q

Appendicular Skeleton Function

A

Main facilitator of movement
Extensive and significant adaptations
Basic arrangement is the same in all mammals

19
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Scapula - shoulder bone
Clavicle - collar bone

20
Q

What are the similarities of bones in the upper and lower limbs in humans and quadrupeds:

A

At the top: 1 bone for proximal part
2 bones in forearm/leg
Numerous short bones with long bones for digits

21
Q

How does skeletal homology form evidence of evolution

A

Form follows function

22
Q

Stances:

  1. Planti grade
  2. Digiti grade
  3. Unguli grade
A
  1. stands on feet
  2. stands on toes
  3. stands on nails
23
Q

Order of a muscle

A

Myofilaments –> Myofibril –> Muscle fibre / cell –> fascicle –> Muscle

24
Q

Tendons Function

A

Connects muscle to bone
Rich in collagen
Can be cylindrical or flat
Muscle mass is normally proximal in the limb

25
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Attaches muscle to bone / muscle
Flat sheet rather than round tendon

26
Q

Ligaments function

A

Connect bone to bone
Stabilize joints

27
Q

How do muscles move joints

A

Muscles contract by shortening. Muscles always pull - they never push.

For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of it (needs to span it)

Some muscles only span one joint = Brachialis and Pectineus

Some muscles span multiple joints = Biceps brachii and sartorius

28
Q

How do muscles work?

A

Muscles never work alone

When a prime mover contracts the antagonistic muscle / muscle group relaxes

An antagonist muscle contracts to oppose the action of a prime mover

29
Q

Muscle contraction - Isontonic meaning

A

Change in length
No change in tension

30
Q

Muscle contraction - Isontonic - Concentric meaning

A

Muscle shortens

31
Q

Muscle contraction –> eccentric meaning

A

Muscle lengthens
Used against a force

32
Q

Muscle contraction - Isometric meaning

A

Change in tension
No change in length

33
Q

Types of muscle fibre - Fast twitch

A

Fast contractions
Quick to fatigue

e.g chickens - fast flight over short distance

34
Q

Types of muscle fibre - Slow twitch

A

Slower contractions
Resistant to fatigue

e.g. ducks - slower flight over longer distances

35
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Where muscles are in a state of partial contraction

36
Q

Joints
Cavitated

A

Synovial = freely moveable joints

37
Q

Joints
Solid–> Fibrous

A

Gomphosis = Teeth
Syndesmosis = Tibiofibula
Suture = Skull

38
Q

Joints
Solid –> Cartilaginous

A

Primary = synchondrosis, growth plates
Secondary = Symphysis, Pelvis

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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