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Bioscience 2 > Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 qualities of muscle tissue?

A
  • Excitability - ability to respond to stimuli
  • Contractibility - ability to contract e.g.
    shorten
  • Extensibility - ability to stretch without
    tearing
  • Elasticity - ability to return to original shape
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2
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated or involuntary?

A

Both - its is striated and involuntary

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3
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated or involuntary?

A

Striated

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4
Q

Is smooth muscle striated or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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5
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle cells?

A
  • Short and spindle shaped - no striations -
    Unstriated
  • Single centrally located nuclei
  • Gap junctions between cells
  • Able to regenerate by mitosis
  • Slow, partial contractions
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6
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Found in vessels, organs and walls of hollow organs.

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7
Q

What type of innervation is smooth muscle under?

A

Under autonomic (involuntary, unconscious) control

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8
Q

What does smooth muscle look like histologically?

A

Made up of:
- outer longitudinal smooth muscle
- inner circular muscle
- collagen

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9
Q

What does a cardiac muscle cell look like?

A

Short and narrow

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10
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found in the body?

A

In the heart and adjacent veins.

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11
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated?

A

Yes - has striations due to dense arrangement on actin + myosin - its cylindrical with branches

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12
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated?

A

Yes - has striations due to dense arrangement on actin + myosin - its cylindrical with branching fibres

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13
Q

How many nuclei are present in cardiac muscle?

A

Has a single central nucleus

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14
Q

What type of cell to cell junctions are present in cardiac muscle ?

A

Intercalated disks containing gap junctions
- joining cells to allow cell-cell communication for a coordinated output

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15
Q

What type of innervation is cardiac muscle under?

A

Autonomic control (spontaneous contraction)

  • Vagus nerve and sympathetic chain provide parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the cardiac muscle and heart rate (Visceral Motor Efferent)
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16
Q

What type of contractions are present in cardiac muscle?

A

All or none

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17
Q

Does mitosis occur in cardiac muscle?

A

No

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18
Q

Does regeneration occur in cardiac muscle?

A

No

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19
Q

What does a skeletal muscle cell look like?

A

Large and elongated - long cylindrical cells

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20
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located in the body?

A

Found throughout the body attached to bones via tendons
(voluntary muscle)

21
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Yes
- has fine black lines running perpendicular to
the fibres

22
Q

How many nuclei does skeletal muscle have?

A

Many peripheral nuclei - has long multinucleated parallel cells

23
Q

What type of control is skeletal muscle under?

A

Under voluntary (conscious) control - by general somatic efferent (GSE) fibres in the nerves

24
Q

What type of innervation is skeletal muscle under?

A

somatic

25
Q

What type of contraction occurs in skeletal muscle?

A

All or nothing

26
Q

Can skeletal muscle undergo mitosis?

A

No

27
Q

Can skeletal muscle undergo regeneration?

A

a limited amount

28
Q

What is dispersed within skeletal muscle cells to aid recovery?

A

Satellite cells

29
Q

What are the 4 components of a myofibril?

A
  • Muscle fiber
  • Nuclei
  • Sarcolemma
  • Mitochondria
30
Q

What are the 3 components of a muscle ?

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
31
Q

What causes muscle contraction?

A

Overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments

  • At rest actin and myosin don’t touch
  • Before they contract thick actin filaments
    slide past thicker myosin so they overlap
    more
32
Q

What is required for muscle contraction?

A

ATP and Calcium - proteins can become
unblocked

33
Q

What causes muscle contraction?

A
  • Chemical energy converted to kinetic energy
  • Mitochondria makes ATP
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum loaded with calcium
    pumps - and stores calcium
  • Action potential opens calcium channels -
    calcium floods into the cell
  • Calcium binds with troponin
  • Deforms tropomyosin, meaning the myosin
    heads can bind to the newly revealed sites
    on troponin
  • ATP –> ADP and P => releases energy
  • Myosin heads bind to actin
  • Calcium stops flooding into fibre:
    - nerve impulse stops
    - calcium has been depleted
  • Calcium unbinds from troponin
34
Q

How does rigor mortis occur?

A

There is no ATP to unbind the myosin from the troponin

Muscle remains contracted - fixed in position
rigor mortis = bridge made

35
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A complex network of neurones and associated support cells.

Peripheral vs Central
Autonomic vs Somatic
Motor vs Sensory

36
Q

What is a neruon?

A

Nerve cells, specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses

37
Q

What is the structure of a neurone?

A

Dendrites - extend from the cell body. They are short with many branches, the points at which nerve impulses are received by the cell. ( the listening part of the cell)

Cell body - located in the central nervous system or arranged in the ganglia of peripheral nervous system

Axon - single nerve fibre which transmits impulses to the distal end.
(Talking part of the cell)

38
Q

What are the 4 types of neurone?

A
  • Multipolar neurone
  • Bipolar neurone
  • Pseudo - unipolar neurone
  • Unipolar neurone
39
Q

What are supporting cells called and what do they do?

A

Glial Cells

Provide support, nutrition, insulation and help with signal transmission in the nervous system

40
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the central nervous system and their function?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
41
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system and their functions?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

42
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A
  • provide a lipid rich insulating barrier - the
    myelin sheath

(In peripheral nervous system)

43
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Layer of small cuboidal cells - surround and support neuron cell bodies

(In peripheral nervous system)

44
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce an insulating barrier - the myelin sheath

(In peripheral nervous system)

45
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Engulf and destroy debris - part of the
    immune defence against invading
    microorganisms

(In central nervous system)

46
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A
  • Create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal
    fluid
  • Line ventricles of the brain - line cavities
    (In central nervous system)
47
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • communicate between neuron and capillary
  • most numerous, cover surfaces
  • support, regulate ions
  • blood brain barrier - blood to brain
  • involved in metabolic exchange between
    neurons and blood

(In central nervous system)

48
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction and where are they located?

A

Originate at spinal cord or brain stem
Richly innervated by motor neurons
Branch near the muscle and end on individual fibres
Neuromuscular junction / motor end plate

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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