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Bioscience 2 > Body Defence 1 > Flashcards

Body Defence 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the the body deal with threats?

A
  • Protects from pathogens
  • Detects antigens
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2
Q

Where are pathogens found?

A

Found in air, food and water and micro-organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

What does the body detect to deal with threats?

A

Antigens

(toxins or other foreign substances which induce specific immune responses, especially the production of antibodies)

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4
Q

What factors determine an individual’s response to a pathogen?

A
  • Prior exposure
  • Genetics
  • Sex ( pregnancy enters a state of
    immunosuppressants)
  • Age (elderly and very young children have
    weaker immune system)
  • Stress
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5
Q

What are the 6 exterior defences that are ‘first lines of defence’?

A

Skin - prevent entry
Saliva - antibacterial enzymes
Tears - antibacterial enzymes
Mucus - lining traps dirt and microbes
Stomach Acid - lop pH kills harmful microbes
‘Good’ gut bacteria - out compete bad bacteria

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6
Q

What are the routes that defences used to stop pathogen entry to the body?

A

Mucosal immunity protects internal epithelial surfaces from invading threats

Physical, chemical and immunological defences

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7
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • The bone marrow
  • The thymus
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8
Q

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Tonsils
  • Lymph nodes
  • the Spleen
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9
Q

What are the interior defence organs of immunological protection?

A
  • Tonsils and adenoids
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Appendix
  • Bone marrow
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10
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Circulates a clear fluid, lymph, it travels towards the heart in open circulatory system.

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11
Q

What is lymph?

A

Lymph is filtered interstitial fluid

(filtered from plasma)

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12
Q

How does lymph fluid circulate the body?

A

Circulates semi-passively depending on contractions of lymphatic vessels or compression of them - e.g. by muscle contraction

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13
Q

How can lymph fight infection?

A

Lymph transports white blood cells to fight infection

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14
Q

What happens when lymph passes through lymph nodes?

A

The lymph nodes contain lymphocytes where microbes and wastes are filtered out

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15
Q

What are the 3 non-specific exterior first line of defences?

A

Skin
Mucous membrane
Secretions

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16
Q

What are the 3 non-specific interior second line of defences?

A

Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

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17
Q

What are the 2 specific third line of defences?

A

Lymphocytes
Antibodies

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18
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The immunity that you are born with ( non-specific defence)

Early stage of the immune response. - WBCs

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19
Q

What are the 3 white blood cells involved in innate immunity (non specific defence)?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
20
Q

Function of neutrophils in innate immunity? (non-specific body defence)

A
  • Most abundant white blood cells (70%)
  • Important in fighting early phases of
    bacterial infections
  • Engulf and destroy microbes at infected sites
21
Q

Functions of macrophages in innate immunity? (non-specific body defence)

A
  • Major cell type in phagocytosis
  • Important in long lasting infections
  • Inactive monocytes –> large tissues
  • Pseudopodia, migration and phagocytosis
  • Largest phagocytes - long lived
  • Clean up dead WBC, foreign material, cancer
    cells and tissue debris
22
Q

Functions of natural killer cells in innate immunity? (non-specific body defence)

A
  • Not as differentiated
  • Involved in killing virus infected cells,
    transplanted bone marrow cells and
    malignant tumour cells
  • Attack cells with surface membrane change
  • Pore insertion (perforin)
  • Cell lysis
23
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific immunity - most specialised of the immune system

24
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity? (specific body defence)

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies

–> B cells - antibody mediated immunity
–> T cells - cell mediated immunity

25
Q

When does the adaptive immune system develop?

A
  • Develops shortly after birth and during first
    months
  • First phase (activation) and Effector phase
    (memory and elimination)
  • Defence responses = Specific and targeted
    against particular pathogen
  • More efficient with repeated attacks -
    Memory
26
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Kill virus-infected and damaged cells

27
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

Help cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their immune functions

28
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Produce antibodies

29
Q

What are the two types of antibody - dependent defences?

A
  • Antigens
  • Antigen receptors
30
Q

What are antigens?

A

All molecules and structures that can trigger a specific immune reaction

31
Q

What are antigen receptors?

A
  • Coded for by a small number of genes
  • Genetic recombination allows millions of
    different receptors to be coded for
32
Q

Where and when do antigen receptors occur?

A
  • Occurs in bone marrow where unspecialised
    cells differentiate into B lymphocytes or T
    lymphocytes
  • Occurs before exposure to antigen
  • Around 100,000 receptors per cell, specific to
    one antigen
33
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens and elicit a response to eradicate it.

34
Q

What is the process of antibody binding?

A

B cell binds to antigens via membrane antibodies
(assisted by t-helper cell)

Activated lymphocyte
(transforms into memory cell) –>
lies dormant until re-infection

Transforms into plasma cell

Secretion of antibodies into circulation

35
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there?

A

5 antibody immunoglobin (Ig) classes

36
Q

What is IgG? (antibody class)

A

Most common in blood and lymph
Directly attack microbes and toxins of bacteria and increase phagocytosis
Involved in fighting antigen the second time it appears
Crosses placenta to protect foetus and neonate from infection

72% of antibodies

37
Q

What is IgA? (antibody class)

A

Two basic units
Works against bacterial toxins and directly attack some microbes
Most common in Ab in secretions (saliva, bile, colostrum)

8% of antibodies

38
Q

What is IgM? (antibody class)

A

Largest antibodies circulating in blood and lymph
First Ab to show up after a microbe infects and activates complement

15% of antibodies

39
Q

What is IgD? (antibody class)

A

Acts as surface receptor on B cells together with IgM. Found primarily in blood and lymph

1% of antibodies

40
Q

What is IgE? (antibody class)

A

Ab binds to mast cells to facilitate inflammatory response to antigen and cause allergic reactions

4%

41
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

–> Acquired immunity

42
Q

How can immunity be acquired naturally?

A

Actively –> infection, contact with pathogen
B cells encounter antigens and
produce antibodies

Passively –> antibodies pass from mother to
foetus via placenta or to infant in
milk

43
Q

How can immunity be acquired artificially?

A

Active –> Vaccine, dead or inactive pathogens

Passive–> injection of immune serum

44
Q

What is self discrimination?

A

We have our own fingerprint of protein and carbohydrate on cell surfaces - MHC protein complex

B and T cells are exposed to MHC proteins in development so Lymphocytes develop self tolerance for self antigens

45
Q

What is non-self discrimination?

A

Failure or loss of self tolerance = autoimmunity

–> production of anti-self antibodies
e.g. autoantibodies against beta cells of pancreas = insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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