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Bioscience 2 > Coordination and Control: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Coordination and Control: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System

A
  • Cell communication
  • a control system - with nervous system - controls other parts of the body
  • Controls all major body processes
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2
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

a collection of endocrine glands and tissues and their hormone products

Many blood vessels - highly vascularised

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3
Q

Endocrine definition

A

= Internal secretion

Hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

= External secretion

Hormones secreted into ducts

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5
Q

What are the 3 endocrine tissues?

A
  1. Endocrine organ devoted to hormone synthesis e.g. thyroid gland
  2. Distinct clusters of cells within organ e.g. islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
  3. Individual cells scattered diffusely throughout organ e.g. gastrointestinal tract, skin
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6
Q

List 7 major endocrine glands

A

Thyroid gland
Para - thyroid gland
Ovary
Testes
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas

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7
Q

Hypothalamus -
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Releasing hormones + inhibiting factors e.g. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Function - stimulates every body tissue to control metabolism and grow

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8
Q

Posterior pituitary -
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Anti - diuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin

Function - ADH -> helps blood vessels constrict and kidneys control amount of water and salt in body
Oxytocin - stimulates contractions and milk flow

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary -
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Growth hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH)

Function - FSH -> helps control mensural cycle,
egg production
LH -> important role in sexual
development

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10
Q

Thyroid Gland
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Thyroxine, Calcitonin

Function - Thyroxine -> role in heart and
digestive function
Calcitonin -> regulates blood calcium
levels

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11
Q

Parathyroid gland
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Function - helps maintain calcium balance in blood and tissues

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12
Q

Adrenal gland
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Adrenaline, Cortisol

Function - Adrenaline -> body’s fight or flight
response
Cortisol -> primary stress hormone,
increases sugars in the
bloodstream

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13
Q

Pancreas
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Glucagon, Insulin

Function - Glucagon -> controls blood glucose
levels
Insulin -> allows muscle, fat and liver
cells to absorb glucose

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14
Q

Gonads
Hormone Products and function

A

Products - Progesterone, Oestrogen,
Testosterone

Function - Progesterone -> prepares
endometrium for potential
pregnancy after ovulation

               Oestrogen -> regulates growth and 
                                     development of 
                                     reproductive system

               Testosterone -> regulates sex drive, 
                                    muscle mass and strength
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15
Q

4 Modes of hormone action

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
Neuro - endocrine

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16
Q

What is the chemical nature of hormones related to?

A
  • How they are synthesised & secreted
  • Nature of hormone receptor they bind to
  • Ability to bind to other proteins (eg. transport
    proteins
  • How they partition in tissues
  • How they are degraded
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17
Q

What are the 5 steroid hormones?

A

Progestogens
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Oestrogens

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18
Q

What are some non-steroid Polypeptide / Protein hormones?

A

Growth hormone,
Prolactin,
Calcitonin,
Parathyroid hormone,
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
Insulin,
Glucagon

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19
Q

What are 4 non-steroid glycoprotein hormones?

A

FSH
LH
TSH
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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20
Q

What are 3 non-steroid Eicosanoid hormones?

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Prostacyclins

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21
Q

What are some non-steroid peptide hormones?

A

ADH
Oxytocin,
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Somatostatin
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

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22
Q

What are some non - steroid amines hormones?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Melatonin
Thyroxine T4
Tri-iodothyronine T3

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23
Q

Why do glycoproteins have a longer lasting actoin

A

Glycoproteins are glycosylated so have longer lasting action

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24
Q

peptide hormones key facts

A

Peptide:
- Structure = Chains of amino acids
- Solubility = Hydrophilic
- Synthesis = Gene transcription and post translational modification in Golgi
- Storage = Large amounts in secretory granules
- Secretion = Exocytosis
- Transport = as free hormone
- Cell surface receptor
- Mechanism of action = Activation of second messenger system to alter activity of existing proteins

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25
Q

Steroid hormones key facts

A

Steroid
-Structure = Cholesterol - derived
- Solubility = Lipophilic
- Synthesis = De novo biosynthesis ( stepwise modification of cholesterol in mitochondria and SER)
- Storage = Not stored
- Secretion = Simple diffusion
- Transport = bound to transport proteins
- Intracellular receptor
- Mechanism of action = Activation of specific genes to produce new proteins

26
Q

Actions of hormones

A
  • present in blood in very low conc
  • widespread
  • slower acting than neurotransmitters
  • can be transported over long distances
  • require specific receptors
  • long lasting ( permanent) effects
27
Q

What factors determine the response of hormones?

A
  • Concentration of hormones
  • Number of receptors on target cells
  • Affinity of hormone receptors
  • Duration of exposure
28
Q

What can hormones alter within cells?

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscles
Release of hormones and nerve signals
Transcription of genetic information
Synthesis of proteins
Cell shape and motility
Protein phosphorylation alters protein function

29
Q

What are the 3 main causes of endocrine disorders?

A

Hormone deficiency
Hormone excess
Hormone resistance

30
Q

How can hormone deficiency cause endocrine disorders?

A

Destruction of gland
Extraglandular disorder
Defect in biosynthesis

31
Q

How can hormone excess cause endocrine disorders?

A

Tumours of endocrine gland
Ectopic hormone production
Overstimulation (hyperplasia)
Exogenous hormone

32
Q

How can hormone resistance cause endocrine disorders?

A

Receptor defects

33
Q

What is the hypothalamus - pituitary axis

A

the interface between central nervous system and endocrine system

34
Q

What does the hypothalamus - pituitary axis control?

A

The neuroendocrine control and homeostatic regulation of:

  • Stress & immune function
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Water/electrolyte balance
  • Energy balance/appetite control
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sleep/wakefulness
35
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Achieving stability through change

36
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

In the basal forebrain close to ‘optic chiasm’

37
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Involved in pituitary regulation

Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (modified neurones) release peptides from axon terminals near to capillaries

Peptides include ‘releasing hormones’ –which regulate anterior pituitary and two posterior pituitary hormones

38
Q

What are the two glands in the pituitary called?

A

Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis)
and
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

39
Q

What type of control is the Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) under

A

under DIRECT control

40
Q

What type of control is the Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis) under

A

under INDIRECT control

41
Q

What is the Posterior Lobe

A

Neural tissue comprising of axons and nerve terminal endings of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

42
Q

What is the Anterior Lobe

A

Glandular tissue comprising of cells controlled by releasing hormones (or inhibitory factors) delivered via hypophysial portal system

43
Q

What are two posterior pituitary hormones?

A

ADH (in kidneys )and oxytocin

44
Q

How is posterior pituitary blood supply controlled and regulated?

A

Blood supply from inferior/middle hypophsial arteries

DIRECT innervation from hypothalamus axons from pituitary stalk, release neurohypophysial hormones into systemic blood

45
Q

How is anterior pituitary blood supply controlled and regulated?

A

Blood supply from pituitary portal system

No direct innervation but parvocellular neurones terminate in median eminence of hypothalamus and release hypophysiotrophic hormones into portal blood supply

46
Q

Name the 2 posterior pituitary hormones secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

47
Q

Name the 4 anterior pituitary hormones with tropic action secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

48
Q

Name the 2 other anterior pituitary hormones secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin

49
Q

Name the all 8 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin
Arginine-vasopressin (ADH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone
Prolactin

50
Q

What neuroendocrine system is prominent in the control of major glands including Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Gonads (ovary/testis)

A

Tripartite

51
Q

How does the tripartite neuroendocrine system work?

A

Releasing hormone –> tropic hormone –> Hormone

52
Q

How does feedback control work?

A

Feedforward drives increased hormone output and hormone negative feedback

Hormone levels fluctuate and can be influenced by biorhythms

53
Q

Name some common endocrine problems

A

Type 1 diabetes, Obesity, Thyroid disorders

  • often caused by too little or too much hormone being released, or a problem with its hormone receptor
54
Q

What is the role of Thyroxine?

A

regulation of cell metabolism

55
Q

What is the role of Prolactin?

A

Milk production and fertility control

56
Q

What is the role of Growth hormone?

A

Overall body size and growth of tissues

57
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

Stress adaptation and suppression of inflammation

58
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

blood glucose regulation

59
Q

What is the role of Oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection and contraction of uterus during labour

60
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

Regulates sex drive and muscle mass and strength.

61
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Fight or fight response

62
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Growth and development of reproductive system

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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