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Bioscience 2 > Coordination + Control: Nervous System > Flashcards

Coordination + Control: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Definition

A

a control system comprising of neurones connected in networks

To control essential sensory, motor and complex functions of an organism

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2
Q

What are the 2 components that the Central Nervous System tissue is made up of?

A

Neurones
Glial cells

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3
Q

What is a neurone?

A
  • Electrically active cells capable of transmitting information.
  • Link to other neurones or muscle cells through SYNAPSES by releasing NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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4
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supportive cells:
- Provide mechanical support
- Maintain an optimal physiochemical
environment

Some types produce myelin - a lipid material - white in appearance –> helps to insulate axons of neurons

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5
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

made up of brain (within skull) and spinal cord (within vertebral column)

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6
Q

2 Way information flow:

A

Stimulus -> Nervous system -> Response

Input -> Nervous System -> Output

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7
Q

Term for information traveling TOWARDS the CNS

A

= sensory (Afferent)

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8
Q

Term for information traveling AWAY from the CNS

A

= motor (Efferent)

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9
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Associated ganglia

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10
Q

Sensory Division:
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

A

General: Touch, pain, vibration, temperature, pressure

Special: hearing, vision, balance

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11
Q

Sensory Division:
General Visceral Afferent (GSA)

A

General: stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes and visceral irritation, nausea and hunger

Special: smell and taste

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12
Q

Motor division:
General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

A

Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Motor division:
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

A

Motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscles, glands

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system definition

A

A nervous control system that functions below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions

  • Unconscious control
  • ANS present in both CNS and PNS
  • has two divisions the Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic nervous system
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15
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

Controls involuntary structures

e.g. heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle, glands, pupils

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16
Q

What is grey matter?

A

mainly cell bodies
Neurone cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons

17
Q

What is white matter?

A

mainly myelinated axons

18
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain?

A

Found on the surface and in deep ‘nuclei’ (clumps of cell bodies)

White matter forms tracts

19
Q

Where is grey matter found in the spinal cord?

A

forms an internal column (horns) surrounded by external white matter

20
Q

Where is grey matter found in the PNS?

A

neuronal cell bodies in ganglia lying outside spinal cord

21
Q

Where is white matter found?

A

Funiculi/ Columns
Fasciculi / tracts

22
Q

What is Funiculi/ Columns

A

large bundles of white matter in the spinal cord surrounding horns

23
Q

Fasciculi / tracts

A

White matter in brain or spinal cord

24
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • like plasma but without protein
  • fills cerebral ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord and flows over surface of tissue
  • fluid ends up being absorbed into venous blood via meninges
25
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid:

A

Cushion, homeostasis, chemical buffer

26
Q

Forebrain

A

= large area of cortex - many complex functions

27
Q

What is the Midbrain

A
  • tracts ascending and descending
28
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • continuous with spinal cord –> contains medulla, cerebellum, pons
29
Q

3 Components of the brain stem:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

30
Q

In the brain what are:
Gyri (gyrus)

A

=Hills

31
Q

In the brain what are:
Sulci (sulcus)

A

= grooves

32
Q

In the brain what are:
Fissures

A

= a deep groove or cleft

33
Q

What are the 4 anatomical lobes in human brain? ( in cerebral hemispheres)

A

Frontal lobe –> Motor area
Temporal lobe –> Auditory cortex
Occipital lobe –> Visual cortex
Parietal lobe –> Sensory area

34
Q

What is the structure and function of the corpus callosum ( forebrain white matter) ?

A

Structure = Wide, flat bundle of myelinated axons that cross between cerebral hemispheres

Function = inter - hemispheric communication

Largest white matter structure of the brain

35
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

cerebral hemispheres covered by sheet of cerebral cortex (grey matter)

Makes up 80% of brain

Right and left sides of cortex are connected by thick band of nerve fibres called corpus callosum –> (white body)

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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