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Cardiovascular + Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

A transport system for getting the right amount of blood to the right place at the right time and back again.

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2
Q

What are 5 key functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • rapid transport and distribution of nutrients e.g glucose and O2 and waste products e.g. urea and CO2
  • distribution of water
  • infrastructure of immune system
  • temperature regulation
  • exchange between blood vessels and interestrial fluid
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3
Q

What is the key principle in physiology

A

= homeostasis

–> the maintenance of the internal environment, faced with variation in the external environment, activity and intake of nutrients.

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4
Q

What is the negative feedback loop in homeostasis?

A

= Core mechanism

Controller –> Effector –> Variable –> Receptor

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5
Q

What are the three ways that blood can circulate?

A

Pulmonary circulation –> lungs (lower resistance, lower pressure)

Systemic Circulation –> body (higher restance, higher pressure)

Arterial System and Venous system –> distribution of blood, venous return

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6
Q

Definition of systole:

A

= phase of heartbeat where muscle contracts and pumps blood from chambers into the arteries.

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7
Q

Definition of diastole:

A

= Phase of heartbeat where heart muscle relaxes and allows chambers to fill with blood.

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8
Q

Definition of stroke volume:

A

= how much blood is in the left ventricle each time it contracts

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9
Q

Definition of cardiac output:

A

= amount of blood that leaves the heart in L / min

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10
Q

What does pressure (P) mean?

A

= force per unit area (heart generates a ‘head of pressure’)

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11
Q

What does Resistance (R) mean?

A

how hard it is for flow (Q) to occur

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12
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure?

A

= systolic / diastolic: very variable

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13
Q

What is the controlled variable in the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

= mean arterial pressure

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14
Q

What is myocardium?

A

= heart muscle

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15
Q

What is endocardium?

A

The innermost layer of the heart. It lines the chambers and extends over structures such as the valves.

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16
Q

What is epicardium?

A

The outermost layer of the heart.

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17
Q

What is pericardium?

A

a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels.

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18
Q

What muscle is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac (striated) muscle

19
Q

What is annulus fibrousus?

A

a fibrocartilaginous tissue consisting of layers of lamellae with highly cross linked collagen fibrils.

20
Q

What is the structure of the Atria?

A
  • thin walled (compared to ventricles)
  • Located above the ventricles
  • receive venous blood
  • right atrium receives systemic venous blood
  • left atrium receives oxygenated venous blood
21
Q

What is the function of the Atria?

A

acts a a pump to fill or ‘prime’ ventricles at low pressures

produces the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

22
Q

What is the function of ventricles?

A

eject blood into the arterial systems including the lungs

Left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle which helps generate higher pressure - blood to systemic circulation

23
Q

What initiates the heartbeat?

A

the sinoatrial node (SAN)

24
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

the physiological pacemaker

25
How does the sinoatrial node (SAN) function?
excitable cells generate action potentials automaticity - (spontaneous) rhythmicity - (regular) dominance over other potential pacemakers Causes cardiac muscle contraction
26
What is the electrophysiology of the Sinoatrial node (SAN) ?
Several ion currents are involved No 'fast' outward sodium currents Unstable resting membrane potential
27
How is a heart contraction stimulated by the sinoatrial node (SAN) ?
SAN sends signals to AVN Signals sent to bundle of His Travel down left and right bundle branches to purkinje fibres Cause heart muscle to contract.
28
What is the resting membrane potential of the heart (myocardial cell)?
~ 90 mV
29
What are the components of an ECG and what do they mean?
P wave - atrial depolarisation QRS complex (<0.10s) - Ventricular depolarisation T wave - Ventricular repolarisation (some cells still depolarised) PR interval (0.12 - 0.2s) - Atrioventricular conduction QT interval (QTc < 0.44s) - Duration of ventricular activation
30
What is cardiac output?
the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute
31
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume CO (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (litres) resting adult ~ 5 L/min exercising adult ~ 20 L/min
32
What system controls the heart and blood vessels?
The Autonomic Nervous System
33
What controls the heart rate?
Parasympathetic nerves Vagus nerve Sympathetic nerves
34
What is the difference between a normal and intrinsic heart rate?
- at rest both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are active - pharmacological block of both systems causes a 50% increase in heart rate. At rest the parasympathetic effects are dominant.
35
What is the heart rate known a tachycardia and bradycardia?
tachycardia = >100/min bradycardia = < 60 /min
36
What is the mean arterial pressure? (MAP)
the average blood pressure of the tissues that the heart has perfused blood to
37
What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure?
MAP = (CO x TPR) + CVP TPR is the total peripheral resistance CVP (central venous pressure) is very small (often ignored in the calculation)
38
What is the key controlled variable via cardiac output?
Blood pressure
39
What happens when blood pressure is too low or too high?
Too low blood pressure = poor perfusion e.g lack of blood to brain when you stand up Too high bp = excessive afterload on heart and excessive pressure at small vessels in tissues - loss of fluid to tissue e.g. legs and lungs
40
What is the controlled variable for blood pressure?
Mean arterial pressure Blood Pressure is critical for correct perfustion
41
What do baroreceptors measure?
Mean Arterial Pressure
42
What would happen if a sudden fall in blood pressure was detected?
- arterial pressure => - MAP => Baroreceptor firing --> - --> CNS --> + sympathetic TPR --> parasympathetic + --> CO
43
Why do arterioles change diameter (volume) ?
arterioles are the 'taps' of tissue perfusion respond to local tissue factors innervated by sympathetic system (alpha receptors) = Vasoconstriction = Vasodilation ---> bring about changes in TPR

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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