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Bioscience 2 > Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

8 key functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Mastication
Propulsion
Mixing
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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2
Q

Role of ingestion

A

Bringing food to the stomach

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3
Q

Role of mastication

A

Chewing

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4
Q

Role of secretion

A

For lubrication, liquification, digestion

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5
Q

Role of absorption

A

Movement of molecules into cells and circulation

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6
Q

Role of elimination

A

Removal of waste products

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7
Q

Role of digestion

A

breakdown of molecules into their constituent parts

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8
Q

What are the 2 forms of digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physical disruption of food into smaller parts - chewing food

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10
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A
  • Breaks down food into small soluble constituents
  • Reliant on enzymes
  • Some enzymes produced by the body some are produced by commensal bacteria
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11
Q

What are the 4 segments of the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscular layers (Tunica muscularis)
  • Serosa / adventitia (smooth tissue membrane)
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12
Q

Function of the mucosa

A

absorption

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13
Q

Function of the submucosa

A

support

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14
Q

Function of the tunica muscularis

A

Propels and moves substances along the tract

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15
Q

Function of the serosa / adventitia

A

movement of the tract

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16
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The method that allows the movement of substances along the tract, by contraction of muscles

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17
Q

What mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth / oral cavity?

A
  • Chewing / mastication
  • Physical break up of food
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18
Q

What chemical digestion takes place in the mouth / oral cavity?

A
  • Saliva from salivary glands contains salivary amylase for carbohydrate digestion
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19
Q

What is starch broken down into

A

Starch —-> maltose + isomaltose

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20
Q

What are the 3 sets of salivary glands called?

A

1) Parotid
2) Sublingual
3) Submandibular

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21
Q

Location of parotid gland

A

Beside the ear

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22
Q

Location of sublingual gland

A

below the tongue on the floor of the mouth

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23
Q

Location of submandibular gland

A

Below the jaw

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24
Q

Oesophagus function

A

Transports food from pharynx to stomach

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25
Q

Oesophagus structure

A

Outer longitudinal muscle and inner circular muscle

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26
Q

Mechanical digestion functions of the stomach

A
  • Churning and mixing of food
  • Increases contact between enzymes and digesta
27
Q

3 Chemical digestion functions of the stomach

A
  • Pepsinogen - breaks down protein
  • Hydrochloric acid - break down protein and absorb essential nutrients
  • Rennin / Chymosin - helps control blood pressure and maintain healthy level of sodium and potassium in the body.
28
Q

Fermentation function in the stomach

A

Rely on bacteria, fungi and protists to break down food

29
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach?

A

Outer - longitudinal
Middle - circular
Inner - oblique

30
Q

What are rugae?

A

Wrinkles in the stomach.
Present in an empty stomach, disappear when bloated.

31
Q

What are ruminants stomach?

A

The stomach of cows, sheep, goats.

Have 4 chambers for specialised cellulose digestion, to break down cellulose.

Cellulose is broken down by the enzyme cellulase.

Fungi, bacteria and protozoans produce cellulase.

32
Q

Functions of chief cells.

A

1) Produce pepsinogen

2) produce rennin/ chymosin

33
Q

What are mucosa?

A

Mucus secreting cells
Simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits

34
Q

Functions of parietal cells

A

1) produce Hydrochloric acid

2) Intrinsic factor

35
Q

Function of pepsinogen

A
  • Break down protein into smaller peptides
36
Q

Function of rennin/ chymoin

A
  • coagulate milk
  • important in very young babies
37
Q

Function of Hydrochloric acid

A
  • minor digestive effect
  • maintains acidity
  • kills ingested bacteria
38
Q

What molecule is Intrinsic factor and what is its function?

A
  • glycoprotein
  • binds to vitamin B12
39
Q

Function of the rumen

A
  • Receives swallowed food - holding and fermentation vat
  • Food can be regurgitated, remasticated, reswallowed
40
Q

Structure of the rumen

A

fluffy fibrous fibers
Distinctive papillated mucosa

41
Q

Reticulum function

A
  • Small accessory chamber
  • Contracts to slosh chyme between itself and rumen
42
Q

Reticulum structure

A

‘Honeycomb’ structure mucosa

43
Q

Omasum structure

A

Epithelium folded into laminae

44
Q

Omasum function

A

Pumps food into abomasum

45
Q

Abomasum function

A

Enzymatic digestion, highly acidic

46
Q

Abomasum structure

A

Distinctive simple columnar, glandular epithelium

47
Q

Ruminoreticula groove

A

Mill bypasses rumen via ruminoreticula groove

Closes into tube connecting oesophagus to omasum

48
Q

Liver function

A

produces and secretes bile

49
Q

Gall bladder function

A

Stores bile and secretes it to the digestive tract
- releases it into the duodenum during meals

50
Q

What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver

A

Right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe

51
Q

Structure and location of the gallbladder

A

Pear shaped sac under right lobe of liver

52
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

Produces most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine
- Proteolytic enzymes e.g. trypsin, carboxypeptidase
- Nucleic acid enzymes
- Pancreatic amylase - for polysaccharide digestion

53
Q

Name the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

54
Q

How is the small intestine involved in chemical digestion?

A

Secretes pancreatic juice
Secretes bile
Secretes intestinal juice

55
Q

What does the small intestine absorb?

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
56
Q

What is the structure of the duodenum?

A

C - shaped and encircles pancreas

57
Q

Function of the jejunum and ileum

A

enzymes –>
Disaccharidases = disaccharides–> monosaccharides
Peptidases = peptide chains –> amino acids
Nucleases = DNA –> bases

58
Q

Function of microvilli in the jejunoileum

A

Increase surface area allowing more nutrients to be absorbed

59
Q

Structure and function of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

The mucosa is lined with villi and highly folded

The cells lining the villi contain microvilli

Allow an increased surface area for absorption of protein, carbohydrate and fat

60
Q

Does the amount of nutrient absorption increase or decrease as you approach the large intestine.

A

Decreases

61
Q

What is midgut fermentation

A

Cellulose digestion by commensal bacteria in the ascending colon

62
Q

What is the function of smooth mucosa in the intestinal glands - (no villi)

A

Allows:
- Absorption of salts
- Absorption of water
- Fermentation of complex carbohydrates
- Excretion of faeces

63
Q

Functions of the rectum

A

Pelvic part of GI tract
Supports and stores faecal mass before defecation

64
Q

Function of the anus

A

Build up of pressure against walls causes internal sphincter to relax, open and allow faeces into canal

Relaxation of external sphincter allows defecation

Bioscience 2 (21 decks)

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