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Peds > musculoskeletal part 1 (2) > Flashcards

musculoskeletal part 1 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is looked at in a musculoskeletal assessment?

A
  • bones, muscles, joints
  • posture and spinal alignemnt
  • upper and lower extremities
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2
Q

what are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • protects vital organs
  • stores minerals
  • supplies RBCs
  • others (support weight, control motion)
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3
Q

when does the posterior fonatnel close?

A

2-3 months

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4
Q

when does the anterior fontanel close?

A

7-19 months

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5
Q

what are epiphyses made of?

A

cartilage

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6
Q

what causes growing pains?

A

epiphyses growing at the epiphyseal plate

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7
Q

describe bone density in children

A

porous
less dense

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8
Q

do muscles increase in numbers as we age?

A

no

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9
Q

what is stronger than bone, need to consider fracture vs. sprain

A

ligaments

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10
Q

what is stronger than bone and grows in length and fibrous tissue?

A

tendons

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11
Q

by what age is the skull fully grown?

A

16 Y.O.

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12
Q

when is the growth of long bones complete?

A

20 y.o.

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13
Q

what is needed extra in adolescent to support bone density and growth?

A

calcium?

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14
Q

what is the function of ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone

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15
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

connect bone to muscle

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16
Q

what is a sprain

A

tearing of ligMENTS

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17
Q

how is the midfoot positioned in congenital clubfoot?

A

Directed downwards (equinos)

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18
Q

how is the hindfoot positioned in congenital club foot

A

turns in (varis)

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19
Q

how is the forefoot positioned in congenital club foot

A

curls towards the heel, turns up in partial supination

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20
Q

what does the foot and leg looks like in congenital club foot

A

the foot is small with a short Achilles, the muscles in the lower leg are atrophied but the leg length is normal

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21
Q

what are possible etiologies of congenital club foot?

A

EXACT IS UNKNOWN
* Neuromuscular or vascular problems
* genetics
* arrested normal fetal development
* abnormal uterine position

22
Q

is congenital club foot more common in families with a history of it?

A

yes

23
Q

What condition is congenital clubfoot mostly associated with

A

myelomeningocele

24
Q

which of the following is included in education about clubfoot?
1. It is fine to wait for correction for one to two months
2. Early treatment is essential
3. x-rays will confirm the severity
4. the treatment is serial (ponseti) casting

A

2,3,4

25
Q

when should serial casting begin? what goes first?

A

ASAP, varous first, then equinous

26
Q

How often does the clubfoot cast need changed and how long will it need to be changed for?

A

every 1-2 weeks for 8-12 weeks

27
Q

How long will treatment of clubfoot last? describe?

A

Shoes with braces worn for 23 hours a day for three months, then worn at night and for naps for three to four years due to reoccurrences

28
Q

Why do some people with clubfoot need surgery?

A

It was not corrected with casting

29
Q

When is clubfoot surgery done?

A

Between 3 and 12 months

30
Q

Describe pins and casting after club foot surgery?

A

Pins hold things in place, they are casted in knee flex position to prevent pin damage and promote weight bearing

31
Q

describe skin care for club foot?

A
  • Assess circulation
  • Avoid lotions oils and powders
  • Avoid poking sharp objects down the cast
32
Q

describe cast care for clubfoot?

A
  • Keep dry and protected
  • Raise above heart level to prevent swelling
  • allow the cast to fully dry, can take 24 to 48 hours
33
Q

How long can it take for a cast to dry?

A

24 to 48 hours

34
Q

what color should the toes be while in a cast and what should the temperature be?

A

Toe should be pink, not blue or white. skin should be warm

35
Q

What occurs when the femoral head and the acetabulum are improperly aligned with an unstable connection. Can include hip and stability, dislocation, subluxation, acetabulum dysplasia (abnormal development leading to instability)

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

36
Q

what gender does developmental dysplasia of the hip DDH occur more in?

A

girls

37
Q

Is developmental dysplasia of the hip usually unilateral or bilateral? Which side is greater?

A

unilateral, Left more than right

38
Q

Does herende play a factor in developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

yes

39
Q

What are causes of developmental dysplasia of the hip DDH

A
  • intrauterine position
  • maternal estrogen
  • breech
  • Lack of Vitamin D supplement
40
Q

what cultural factor can prevent DDH

A

carrying the baby on the hips, separates legs

41
Q

What diagnostic test for DDH is where one knee is lower than the other

A

Allis sign

42
Q

which diagnostic test of DDH is where a click or clunk is felt?

A

ortolani-barlow

43
Q

What diagnostic test for DDH is used before four months

A

ultrasound

44
Q

Which diagnostic test for DDH is used after four months

A

radiographs

45
Q

What kind of demographic is ultrasound in radiograph used to diagnose DDH?

A

Females breech born or having history of it

46
Q

when is a pavlik harness worn?

A

One continuously, not even taken off to change, only to bathe

47
Q

how often is progress monitored with a pavlik harness

A

1-2 wks

48
Q

at what age is a pavlik harness warm?

A

under 6 mo

49
Q

What movements does a pavlik harness allow and what movements does it not allow?

A

allows hip flexion and abduction
does not allow hip extension or adduction

50
Q

What is the goal of a pavlik harness?

A

Relocate femoral head into acetabulum, stretch tissue

51
Q

what is a spica cast used for?

A

DDH after surgery

Peds (30 decks)

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