mental health / cognition (1) Flashcards
What is the change in thought, intelligence, and language that occurs overtime as brain maturation and life experiences interact to mutually influence children’s actions
Cognition
How many weeks in gestation does it take for critical development to occur for the brain
4-6
Why is mental health and cognition different in children compared to adults
progression and abilities influence perceptions and reactions
what is necessary to form the cornerstone of the child’s healthy mental development
Bonding and attachment to significant adults
children from which backgrounds have increased risk for mental health disorders
Low income, children in the welfare system, youth in the juvenile justice system
what areas does the mental health assessment in pediatrics focus on?
History, growth and development, social skills, affect, appearance, behaviors, and life events
when were diagnostic tests for mental health alterations done for children?
When parents or teachers notice behavior changes they are referred to a mental health provider
what does evaluation of mental health alterations in pediatrics consist of?
Observing behavior, asking family and teachers to complete behavioral questionnaires, and a thorough review of history
what is the primary treatment goal of mental health alterations?
This is the child in the family to achieve and maintain optimal level of functioning for child and family through interventions designed to reduce impact of stressors
What are the three modes of therapy?
- Individual therapy
- family therapy
- group therapy
Who was involved in individual therapy
The child and the therapist
who is involved in family therapy
the family and the therapist
who was involved in a group therapy
a group of children of the same age
which therapeutic strategy reveals problems through fantasy
Play therapy
Which therapeutic strategy provides insight to issues and helps with healing
Art therapy
Which therapeutic strategy teaches thinking patterns to change reactions to situations that cause anxiety or other undesirable conditions
Cognitive therapy
which therapeutic strategy uses stimulus and response conditioning to alter undesirable behavior and reinforce desired behavior?
Behavior modification
Which therapeutic strategy uses the child’s imagination and positive thinking, can decrease pain
Visualization and guided imagery
This hypnosis used as a therapeutic strategy for mental health?
Yes
Is there a specific cause of autism
No, several theories have been proposed such as genetics, immune responses, and environmental exposure, but they have not been proven
Which neurotransmitters are abnormal in autism spectrum disorder
dopamine and serotonin
Is there a link between the MMR vaccine and autism?
No
By what age does autism typically become apparent
3
What is primarily observed with autism?
Impaired social interaction. Eye contact, rarely smiles and does not babble, unable to converse normally, fails to initiate conversation and has impaired observations of nonverbal behavior
what is often the first symptom leading to diagnosis of autism?
Communication difficulties or delays in speech
if a child is not at risk for autism, when is the autism screening done?
18-24 months
What is done when a child has autism to rule out other conditions
CT or MRI, lettuce running, metabolic studies, DNA analysis, EEG
When are medications used with autism?
To treat associated disorders, not autism itself
A condition classified as ADD with impulsivity and hyperactivity
ADHD
what is the most common mental health alteration in children
ADHD
Which gender is ADHD most common in?
Males
Does ADHD continue into childhood?
Often
What are known associations related to ADHD
- high lead or mercury levels
- prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco
are there genetic factors involved in ADHD?
Yes, single gene not identified
Which environmental factors may impact ADHD diagnosis?
Families stress, poverty, poor nutrition
When is an ADHD diagnosis made?
After children have been brought in for evaluation due to behaviors that interfere with daily function of parents and teachers
At what ages should a child be evaluated for ADHD if they have academic problems, behavior difficulties, in attention, hyperactivity or impulsivity
4-18
Which diagnostic criteria establishes the diagnosis of ADHD
DSM-V
What environmental changes can be made to help manage ADHD
- decrease stimulation
- Small classroom placement
- Consistent limits and expectations
- structured routine
what behavior therapy can be done to help manage ADHD
- behavior modification: or word positive behavior and consequence for unacceptable behavior
- Parent training on behavioral techniques, increases parenting skills
What are the two kinds of medicines that are used to treat ADHD
Stimulant and non-stimulant
what are common side effects of ADHD medication
- anorexia: give it meantime; monitor weight and height
- insomnia: administer early in the day
- cardiac exam prior to initiation and periodically: monitor blood pressure and tachycardia
do ADHD medications provide potential for abuse?
Yes
What are the five theories that explain the cause of depression?
- Biologic
- Learned helplessness
- cognitive distortion
- Social skill deficit
- family dysfunction
Which neurotransmitters are decreased in depression?
Indolamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
What are clinical manifestations of depression
horoscope performance, withdrawal from social activities, sleep problems, appetite problems, headaches or stomach aches, decreased energy, difficulty concentrating and making decisions, low self esteem, hopelessness
At what age should all children begin to be screened for depression
11
what are the two things used for clinical therapy of depression
therapy and medication
which medications are used for depression
antidepressants, most commonly SSRIS, block reuptake of serotonin in the synapse increasing serotonin levels
What is the only approved antidepressant for children
fluoxetine (Prozac)
what is the second leading cause of death in 10 to 24 year olds
Suicide
what are risk factors of suicide
Depression, pregnancy, drug use, family history, gay, loneliness, anxiety, chronic illness, history of previous attempt
what is clinical treatment of suicidal ideation
- suicide attempt or ideation -> admission to the hospital
- individual, family, or group therapy
- a no suicide contract
- treat comorbidities with therapy and medication
Should all suicide threats be taken serious
Yes
what occurs following a life threatening event that is experienced or witnessed
PTSD
how long do symptoms of PTSD go on for
Longer than a month, they impair function
Describe what PTSD seems like in children
re live event frequently in thoughts and dreams, feelings of fear, terror, or helplessness. child feels detached
What is the clinical therapy of PTSD
cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety or depression meds
what does cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD focus on?
Focuses on thoughts and behaviors leading to an understanding of negative thoughts and increasing activities that provide pleasure
What IQ classifies intellectual disability
less than 70 or 75
what disability is classified by significant limitation and intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
Intellectual disability
what is a genetic prenatal condition where there are three copies of the 21st chromosome
down syndrome, also called trisomy 21
what condition has physical characteristics of microcephaly, flat forehead, wide short neck, epicanthal eye folds, flat nose, small low set ears, protruding tongue, short broad hands, single transverse crease that crosses palm of hand
Down syndrome
what health related problems does Down syndrome cause
Hypotonia, cardiac defects, hearing loss, leukemia
what can fetal alcohol syndrome cause that is health related
poor coordination, failure to thrive, skeletal and joint abnormality, hearing loss
what facial abnormalities does fetal alcohol syndrome cause
Thin upper lip, underdeveloped jaw, smooth upper lip, eye folds, small head
What is it important to help with when a child has a severe cognitive delay
Skin care, oral hygiene, positioning every two hours
when is confidentiality not apply in children
when a child or adolescent shares information about having tried to hurt themselves or plans to hurt themselves
What is included in a mental health assessment of a child? Choose all that apply.
1. History
2. Growth and development
3. social skills
4. Appearance
5. School history
6. Life events
all of them except for school history
which symptom is frequently the first noticed in an inventor child with autism spectrum disorder?
Communication delay
parent education for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder will include which of the following? Choose all that apply
a) quiet environment for homework
b) Consistent limit setting
c) Relaxed home environment
d) risk for overeating with medications
a and b
what is the most common risk factor for suicide?
Depression
what is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in the United States?
Alcohol
