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Peds > cancer (3) > Flashcards

cancer (3) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of disease related death in children under 15?

A

cancer

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2
Q

alteration in cell growth due to external and internal stimuli?

A

cancer

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3
Q

what causes mutation in body cells in cancer?

A

external stimuli

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4
Q

what are external stimuli found in cancer?

A

carcinogens such as radiation exposure or chemicals

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5
Q

what are immune system and gene abnormalities that can casue cancer

A
  • immune defeiciencies
  • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • vituses
  • genetic changes
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6
Q

what are the general symptoms of cancer?

A
  • pain
  • cachexia (anorexia, weight loss, anemia, weakness, early satiety)
  • anemia
  • infection
  • bruising
  • neurologic symptoms
  • palpable mass
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7
Q

why is cancer not always caught right away

A

vague sx

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8
Q

what are the most common diagnostic tests for all cancers?

A
  • CBC/differential/urinalysis
  • lumbar puncture
  • bone marow aspiration
  • bone marrow biopsy
  • biopsy of tumor
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9
Q

what imaging is done for cancer

A

MRI / CT / ultrasound or bone scan

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10
Q

what are specific drugs that kill both normal and cancerous cells?

A

chemotherapy

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11
Q

what is the use of biological retooling and molecular intervention to produce targeted cancer therapy

A

biological therapy

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12
Q

what uses parts of the human body that are programmed to destroy cells and applies them to cancer cells

A

biologic retooling

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13
Q

what involves interference with metabolic pathway in tumor cells

A

molecular targeting

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14
Q

what are some complementary therapies for cancer?

A

nutritional/herbal supplements, touch therapy, mind-body interventions

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15
Q

what are some long-term effects of radiation?

A

bone/teeth growth impaired, chronic pain, hypothyroidism (neck radiation), cardio/resp toxicity, cognitive/neuro probs

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16
Q

how to promote nutritional status in kids w cancer

A

frequent small meals, supplements, height/weight, labs, antiemetics

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17
Q

what is neutropenia

A

dec. WBC

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18
Q

what should be watched for in neutropenia

A

assess infection

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19
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

dec. platelets

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20
Q

what is important to look for in thrombocytopenia

A

assess bleeding

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21
Q

what is anemia

A

dec. RBC

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22
Q

what is important to do in anemia

A

blood transfusions

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23
Q

what are some chemo side effects

A

n/v, mucositis, anorexia, constipation or diarrhea, hair loss

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24
Q

cancer skin assessment

A
  • assess for radiation burns
  • leave the markings on the skin
  • avoid lotions, powders, soap
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25
Q

cancer hydration assessment

A
  • frequent small amnt fluids
  • monitor I&O
  • IV hydration w/ chemo meds
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26
Q

how to prevent/treat infection in cancer

A
  • handwashing
  • stay away from sick
  • no immunizations until 6 mo after chemo
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27
Q

how long after chemo can immunizations be given?

A

6 mo.

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28
Q

clinical manifestations of brain tumors

A

Behavioral and neurological changes
Increased intracranial pressure
Headache (most common), nausea, vomiting, gait and coordination changes, dizziness, change in vision or hearing, irritability, fatigue, educational or behavioral changes.

29
Q

how is a brain tumor diagnosis made

A
  • history and physical
  • CT/MRI
  • myelography and angiography
30
Q

clinical therapy for brain tumors

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemo
31
Q

complications of brain tumor surgery

A
  • severe infection
  • seizure activity
  • sensorimotor disorders
  • hydrocephalus
  • growth problems
  • diabetes insipidus
32
Q

average age to acquire neuroblastoma?

A

17-22 months

33
Q

what is the most common tumor in infants during first year of life

A

neuroblastoma

34
Q

what is a solid tumor anywhere in the nervous system

A

neuroblastoma

35
Q

describe palpation of neuroblastoma

A

dont do it, contraindicated

36
Q

what is a nephroblastoma called

A

wilm’s tumor

37
Q

what is the age for nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumor)

A

5 y.o.

38
Q

how quickly can a wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma) double in size

A

11-13 days

39
Q

clinical manifestations of wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

A

Painless swelling or mass to one side of abdomen
Generally asymptomatic
Parent discovers during a bath or holding the child

40
Q

diagnosis of wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

A

US and CT, MRI

41
Q

clinical therapy of wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

A
  • surgery to remove entire kidney
  • chemo/radiation
42
Q

why should palpation be avoided in wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

A

cancer cells can spread

43
Q

what is the most common tumor effecting the skeleton?

A

osteosarcoma

44
Q

when is the peak incidence of osteosarcoma?

A

during rapid growth (age 13 in girls, 15-17 boys)

45
Q

clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma

A

pain, swelling, limp

46
Q

diagnosis of osteosarcoma

A

xray, CT, MRI

47
Q

clinical therapy of osteosarcoma

A

chemo/surgry

48
Q

what is a tomor of long bones

A

ewing’s sarcoma

49
Q

clinical manifestations of ewing’s sarcoma

A

pain, swelling, fever, inc. WBC count, increased ESR, increased CRP

50
Q

how is ewing’s sarcoma diagnosed

A

biopsy of tumor

51
Q

clinical therapy of ewing’s sarcoma

A

chemo/surgery

52
Q

what is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric malignancy under 14 y.o.

A

leukemia

53
Q

what is cancer of the blood forming organs

A

leukemia

54
Q

what cancer involves the proliferation of immature, abnormal white cells

A

leukemia

55
Q

what is the most common leukemia

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

56
Q

peak onset of leukemia

A

2-3 yrs

57
Q

cause/ risk factors of leukemia

A

cause unknown
exposure to infectious agents, chromosome defects maybe

58
Q

clinical manifestations of leukemia

A

Pallor
Fatigue
Fever/infection
Ecchymosis
Petechiae/Bleeding
Lethargy, malaise
Anorexia
Large joint or bone pain
Enlargement of liver or spleen
Changes in lymph nodes

59
Q

diagnosis of leukemia

A

History, physical, CBC and differential
Bone marrow aspiration is definitive test

60
Q

clinical therapy for leukemia

A

Radiation and chemotherapy
Maintenance therapy given for 2-3 years
Stem cell transplant for relapse

61
Q

what is cancer of the lymphatic system, and is rare to acquire before 5 y.o.

A

hodgkins disease

62
Q

clinical manifestations of hodgkins disease

A

Painless enlargement of lymph nodes in supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes
Nodes are firm and non-tender
Fever, night sweats, weight loss

63
Q

what is used to make a definitive diagnosis of hodgkins disease

A

lymph node biopsy

64
Q

what kind of cells will be present upon hodgkins disease diagnosis?

A

reed-sternberg cells

65
Q

clinical therapy of hodgkins disease

A

chemo/radiation

66
Q

A cancer diagnosis may be delayed due to which of the following?
a) Children don’t tell parents when they are feeling ill
b) Many of the symptoms are common to typical childhood illnesses
c) Parents are afraid so they don’t call the health care provider
d) Children are generally healthy

A

B

67
Q

Cancer may be a cause of which of the following mental health disorders? Choose all that apply.
a) Post traumatic stress disorder
b) Depression
c) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
d) Autism spectrum disorder

A

A, B

68
Q

Immunizations should be obtained how long after chemotherapy is completed?
a) 1 month
b) 9 months
c) 6 months
d) 12 months

A

C

69
Q

Which tumor is the most common affecting the skeleton?
a) Wilm’s tumor
b) Osteosarcoma
c) Hodgkins disease
d) Ewings sarcoma

A

B

Peds (30 decks)

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