immunizations and communicable diseases (3) Flashcards
which of the followng contribute to vulnerability?
a) Underdeveloped immune system
b) Lack of antibodies
c) Incomplete disease protection through vaccinations
d) Poor hygiene behaviors
all of them!
why is it important to prevent children from getting infections?
they can develop complications
what is when antibody production is stimulated without causing clinical disease
active immunity
what is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response?
antigen
what immunity is induced with antibodies produced in another human oanimal host?
passive immunity
what part of immunity is produced by the body
antibodies
what is the most effecitive method of infection control?
wash hands
what type of vaccine is where the killed microorganism is still capable of inducing antibody production
killed virus (like polio)
what type of vaccine is when a toxin has been treated to weaken its toxic effect but retain its antigenicity
toxoid (tetanus)
what type of vaccine contains a virus in a live but attenuated (weakened) form
live virus (measles, varicella)
what type of vaccine is when an organism has been genetically altered?
recombinant (hep b, acellular pertussis)
what type of vaccine is when an altered organism joined with another substance
conjugated (pneumococcal, meningococcal)
when do MMR side effects occur?
1-2 weeks later
what are MMR side effects?
fever, rash, joint pain (anaphylaxis is rare)
what organizations collaborate and make recommendations about vaccines
-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of CDC
-American Academy of Pediatrics
-American Academy of Family Practitioners
what needs to be obtained before a vaccine?
informed, written consent
what does the national childhood vaccine injury act of 1986 do?
it provides compensation if a link between immunization and serious adverse effect is found
what are some contraindications of vaccines
- mod/severe acute illness
- hypersensitivity (eggs, neomycin, gelatin)
- anaphyaxis
- recent immunoglobin treatment within 3-11 mo.
- cancer/immunodeficiency
- pregnancy
when doing immunizations, you should always…
- check expiration date
- reconstitute correctly
- choose appropriate needle
- comfort measures
what are the gauges of IM injections
22-25
what angle are IM injections given
90 degrees
what is a highly contagious bacterial illness that is characterized by a thick coating in the throat and airway
diptheria
what vaccine is given for diptheria
DTaP
describe DTap schedule
given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, and then again before school (4-6 y.o.)
treatment of diptheria
antitoxin
antibiotic
what can diptheria cause in serious cases
ascending paralysis
what is the cause of tetanus
clostridium tetani found in soil, dust, animal excretion
what can tetanus cause
muscular spasm or lockjaw
what vaccine is given for tetanus
DTaP
describe booster schudule for DTaP
boosters at 13 & 18 y.o., then again every 10 years
manifestations of rubeola (measles)
- red, blotchy rash that starts of face and moves downward
how is measles (rubeola) transmitted?
direct droplet contact
airborne
what vaccine is given for measles (rubeola)?
MMR
MMR schedule
given at 12-15 mo., then 2nd dose before attending school (4-6 y.o.)
what are koplik spots?
characteristic of measles (blotchy/spotty rash), in mouth and body
what is another name for mumps
parotitis
what kind of disease is mumps
contagious viral disease
manifestations of mumps
painful swelling of slaivary glands, fever, HA, sore throat
what complication can develop from mumps?
meningitis
what does having mumps provide?
lifelong immunity
what is another name for rubella
german measles
what vaccine is used for rubella
MMR
manifestations of rubella
generally mild rash, first in the face, neck, trunk, legs, then disappears in same order
how is rubella spread
droplet
what is the sommunity concern for rubella?
serious fetus effects in 1st trimester (eyes, heart, hearing, neuro), keep infected children away from pregnany women
describe poliomyelitis vaccine history
injectible and oral live viruses caused the polio virus in some children, so the inactivated form is now used
what part of the body does polio effect
CNS
what are the 4 major complications of polio?
- permanent motor paralysis!!!
- resp arrest
- myocardial failure
- aseptic meningitis
how is polio transmitted?
fecal oral / resp
when is the vaccine for polio given?
at 2, 4, and 6-18 months, and then again before school
what is chickenpox known as?
varicella
how is varicella transmitted
direct/airborn (contact/droplet precautions)
when is varicella contagious?
- up until 5 days before the child develops a rash
- until all vescicles are crusted over
- 5-7 days
when is the varicella vaccine given?
at 12-18 months and before school
what is whooping caugh called
pertussis
how is pertussis (whooping caugh) transmitted
respiratory droplets and direct contact
major characteristic of pertussis (whooping cough)
cough worse at night - stridor and “whoop”
what is DTaP used to prevent?
diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)
describe rotavirus vaccines
there are 2 forms, one with 2 doses and one with 3
* if 2 doses, given at 2 and 4 mo.
* if 3 doses given at 2, 4, and 6 mo.
how many diarrhea stools would a child with rotavirus have in 1 day?
up to 10-20
how long does diarrhea last with rotavirus
3-8 days
how is rotavirus transmitted
fecal/oral, tell parents to be careful with diaper
what are potential complications with rotavirus
dehydration/electrolyte imbalance
death
what is Hib short for?
H. influenzae type B
what can Hib lead to?
- meningitis
- epiglotitis
- pneumonia
- infectious arthritis
- cellulitis
how is hib transmitted
direct person contact, droplet
treatment of hib
IV antibiotics
what does hib begin with
upper respiratory infection
vaccine schedule for hib
inactivated vaccine given at 2 and 4 months, with a 3rd dose at 6 mo., OR 3rd/4th dose given at 12-15 months
a 6 month old is due for vaccines, which of the following would be due?
* MMR
* IPV
* DTaP
* varicella
* Hib
DTaP and Hib
describe contagiousness of Hep A
high, “infectious hepatitis”
how is hep a transmitted
fecal-oral
person to person from contaminated water or food
hep a immunization schedule
2 doses 6 months apart
how old does a child have to be for the 1st hep a injection
12 y.o.
how is hep b transmitted
parenteral (blood and secretions), sex, injections, from mom to fetus
hep b immunization schedule
first at birth, 2nd at 1-2 mo., 3rd at 6-18 months
what does the hpv vaccine protect against
cervical cancer and genital warts
what are the 2 types of hpv vaccines and what do they protect against
HPV4 and HPV9 protect against 4 and 9 types of cervical cancer
when can the HPV vaccine schedule be started
age 9
when is the hpv vaccine normally given
11-12 years
when should hpv vaccines be given prior to?
sexual activity
when are the 2nd and 3rd doses of hpv vaccine given?
2nd given 2 mo., after 1st, 3rd given 6 mo. after 1st
what are the max ages to give the HPV vaccine to in males and females
can be given up to 21 y.o. in males and 26 y.o. in females
what 2 conditions can a meningococcal infection cause?
- meningitis
- meningococcemia
what is meningitis characterized by?
- changes in mental status
- seizures, coma
what is meningococcemia characterized by?
- maculopapular or petechial rash, purpura
- septic shock
how are meningococcal infections transmitted?
direct / respiratory
meningococcal vaccine schedule
one at 11-12 y.o. and another 5 yrs later
what vaccine protects against streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumococcal vaccine
what can streptococcus pneumoniae cause?
resp infections, OM, meningitis, and bacteremia
many pneumococcal strains are resistant to which 3 antibiotics?
penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone
(vancomycin is used)
how are pneumococcal strains transmitted
resp/droplet
how old do you need to be to receive an influena vaccine?
6 months
what happens when a child under 9 months old is getting an influenza vaccine?
they need a 2nd dose 4 weeks later
what kind of vaccine is influenza
IM, or intranasal
what antiviral is used for influenza
tamiflu
