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Peds > immunizations and communicable diseases (3) > Flashcards

immunizations and communicable diseases (3) Flashcards

1
Q

which of the followng contribute to vulnerability?
a) Underdeveloped immune system
b) Lack of antibodies
c) Incomplete disease protection through vaccinations
d) Poor hygiene behaviors

A

all of them!

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2
Q

why is it important to prevent children from getting infections?

A

they can develop complications

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3
Q

what is when antibody production is stimulated without causing clinical disease

A

active immunity

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4
Q

what is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response?

A

antigen

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5
Q

what immunity is induced with antibodies produced in another human oanimal host?

A

passive immunity

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6
Q

what part of immunity is produced by the body

A

antibodies

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7
Q

what is the most effecitive method of infection control?

A

wash hands

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8
Q

what type of vaccine is where the killed microorganism is still capable of inducing antibody production

A

killed virus (like polio)

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9
Q

what type of vaccine is when a toxin has been treated to weaken its toxic effect but retain its antigenicity

A

toxoid (tetanus)

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10
Q

what type of vaccine contains a virus in a live but attenuated (weakened) form

A

live virus (measles, varicella)

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11
Q

what type of vaccine is when an organism has been genetically altered?

A

recombinant (hep b, acellular pertussis)

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12
Q

what type of vaccine is when an altered organism joined with another substance

A

conjugated (pneumococcal, meningococcal)

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13
Q

when do MMR side effects occur?

A

1-2 weeks later

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14
Q

what are MMR side effects?

A

fever, rash, joint pain (anaphylaxis is rare)

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15
Q

what organizations collaborate and make recommendations about vaccines

A

-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of CDC
-American Academy of Pediatrics
-American Academy of Family Practitioners

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16
Q

what needs to be obtained before a vaccine?

A

informed, written consent

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17
Q

what does the national childhood vaccine injury act of 1986 do?

A

it provides compensation if a link between immunization and serious adverse effect is found

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18
Q

what are some contraindications of vaccines

A
  • mod/severe acute illness
  • hypersensitivity (eggs, neomycin, gelatin)
  • anaphyaxis
  • recent immunoglobin treatment within 3-11 mo.
  • cancer/immunodeficiency
  • pregnancy
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19
Q

when doing immunizations, you should always…

A
  • check expiration date
  • reconstitute correctly
  • choose appropriate needle
  • comfort measures
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20
Q

what are the gauges of IM injections

A

22-25

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21
Q

what angle are IM injections given

A

90 degrees

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22
Q

what is a highly contagious bacterial illness that is characterized by a thick coating in the throat and airway

A

diptheria

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23
Q

what vaccine is given for diptheria

A

DTaP

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24
Q

describe DTap schedule

A

given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, and then again before school (4-6 y.o.)

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25
Q

treatment of diptheria

A

antitoxin
antibiotic

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26
Q

what can diptheria cause in serious cases

A

ascending paralysis

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27
Q

what is the cause of tetanus

A

clostridium tetani found in soil, dust, animal excretion

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28
Q

what can tetanus cause

A

muscular spasm or lockjaw

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29
Q

what vaccine is given for tetanus

A

DTaP

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30
Q

describe booster schudule for DTaP

A

boosters at 13 & 18 y.o., then again every 10 years

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31
Q

manifestations of rubeola (measles)

A
  • red, blotchy rash that starts of face and moves downward
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32
Q

how is measles (rubeola) transmitted?

A

direct droplet contact
airborne

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33
Q

what vaccine is given for measles (rubeola)?

A

MMR

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34
Q

MMR schedule

A

given at 12-15 mo., then 2nd dose before attending school (4-6 y.o.)

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35
Q

what are koplik spots?

A

characteristic of measles (blotchy/spotty rash), in mouth and body

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36
Q

what is another name for mumps

A

parotitis

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37
Q

what kind of disease is mumps

A

contagious viral disease

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38
Q

manifestations of mumps

A

painful swelling of slaivary glands, fever, HA, sore throat

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39
Q

what complication can develop from mumps?

A

meningitis

40
Q

what does having mumps provide?

A

lifelong immunity

41
Q

what is another name for rubella

A

german measles

42
Q

what vaccine is used for rubella

A

MMR

43
Q

manifestations of rubella

A

generally mild rash, first in the face, neck, trunk, legs, then disappears in same order

44
Q

how is rubella spread

A

droplet

45
Q

what is the sommunity concern for rubella?

A

serious fetus effects in 1st trimester (eyes, heart, hearing, neuro), keep infected children away from pregnany women

46
Q

describe poliomyelitis vaccine history

A

injectible and oral live viruses caused the polio virus in some children, so the inactivated form is now used

47
Q

what part of the body does polio effect

A

CNS

48
Q

what are the 4 major complications of polio?

A
  • permanent motor paralysis!!!
  • resp arrest
  • myocardial failure
  • aseptic meningitis
49
Q

how is polio transmitted?

A

fecal oral / resp

50
Q

when is the vaccine for polio given?

A

at 2, 4, and 6-18 months, and then again before school

51
Q

what is chickenpox known as?

A

varicella

52
Q

how is varicella transmitted

A

direct/airborn (contact/droplet precautions)

53
Q

when is varicella contagious?

A
  • up until 5 days before the child develops a rash
  • until all vescicles are crusted over
  • 5-7 days
54
Q

when is the varicella vaccine given?

A

at 12-18 months and before school

55
Q

what is whooping caugh called

A

pertussis

56
Q

how is pertussis (whooping caugh) transmitted

A

respiratory droplets and direct contact

57
Q

major characteristic of pertussis (whooping cough)

A

cough worse at night - stridor and “whoop”

58
Q

what is DTaP used to prevent?

A

diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)

59
Q

describe rotavirus vaccines

A

there are 2 forms, one with 2 doses and one with 3
* if 2 doses, given at 2 and 4 mo.
* if 3 doses given at 2, 4, and 6 mo.

60
Q

how many diarrhea stools would a child with rotavirus have in 1 day?

A

up to 10-20

61
Q

how long does diarrhea last with rotavirus

A

3-8 days

62
Q

how is rotavirus transmitted

A

fecal/oral, tell parents to be careful with diaper

63
Q

what are potential complications with rotavirus

A

dehydration/electrolyte imbalance
death

64
Q

what is Hib short for?

A

H. influenzae type B

65
Q

what can Hib lead to?

A
  • meningitis
  • epiglotitis
  • pneumonia
  • infectious arthritis
  • cellulitis
66
Q

how is hib transmitted

A

direct person contact, droplet

67
Q

treatment of hib

A

IV antibiotics

68
Q

what does hib begin with

A

upper respiratory infection

69
Q

vaccine schedule for hib

A

inactivated vaccine given at 2 and 4 months, with a 3rd dose at 6 mo., OR 3rd/4th dose given at 12-15 months

70
Q

a 6 month old is due for vaccines, which of the following would be due?
* MMR
* IPV
* DTaP
* varicella
* Hib

A

DTaP and Hib

71
Q

describe contagiousness of Hep A

A

high, “infectious hepatitis”

72
Q

how is hep a transmitted

A

fecal-oral
person to person from contaminated water or food

73
Q

hep a immunization schedule

A

2 doses 6 months apart

74
Q

how old does a child have to be for the 1st hep a injection

A

12 y.o.

75
Q

how is hep b transmitted

A

parenteral (blood and secretions), sex, injections, from mom to fetus

76
Q

hep b immunization schedule

A

first at birth, 2nd at 1-2 mo., 3rd at 6-18 months

77
Q

what does the hpv vaccine protect against

A

cervical cancer and genital warts

78
Q

what are the 2 types of hpv vaccines and what do they protect against

A

HPV4 and HPV9 protect against 4 and 9 types of cervical cancer

79
Q

when can the HPV vaccine schedule be started

A

age 9

80
Q

when is the hpv vaccine normally given

A

11-12 years

81
Q

when should hpv vaccines be given prior to?

A

sexual activity

82
Q

when are the 2nd and 3rd doses of hpv vaccine given?

A

2nd given 2 mo., after 1st, 3rd given 6 mo. after 1st

83
Q

what are the max ages to give the HPV vaccine to in males and females

A

can be given up to 21 y.o. in males and 26 y.o. in females

84
Q

what 2 conditions can a meningococcal infection cause?

A
  • meningitis
  • meningococcemia
85
Q

what is meningitis characterized by?

A
  • changes in mental status
  • seizures, coma
86
Q

what is meningococcemia characterized by?

A
  • maculopapular or petechial rash, purpura
  • septic shock
87
Q

how are meningococcal infections transmitted?

A

direct / respiratory

88
Q

meningococcal vaccine schedule

A

one at 11-12 y.o. and another 5 yrs later

89
Q

what vaccine protects against streptococcus pneumoniae

A

pneumococcal vaccine

90
Q

what can streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

resp infections, OM, meningitis, and bacteremia

91
Q

many pneumococcal strains are resistant to which 3 antibiotics?

A

penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone
(vancomycin is used)

92
Q

how are pneumococcal strains transmitted

A

resp/droplet

93
Q

how old do you need to be to receive an influena vaccine?

A

6 months

94
Q

what happens when a child under 9 months old is getting an influenza vaccine?

A

they need a 2nd dose 4 weeks later

95
Q

what kind of vaccine is influenza

A

IM, or intranasal

96
Q

what antiviral is used for influenza

A

tamiflu

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