Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSP > Musculoskeletal Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Important factors that can point you toward a differential diagnosis

A

. Chief complaint
. Age
. Biological sex
. Vital signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Septic joint

A

. Acute onset of mono articular joint pain, erythema, heat, and immobility
. Fever, chills rigor
. Failure to start antibiotics in first 24-48 hrs causes subchondral bone loss and permanent joint dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most common route of entry in a joint for infection

A

. Contiguous, direct inoculation, and hematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk factors for contiguous spread of infection in joint

A 
. Cellulitis 
. Cutaneous ulcers
. Osteomyelitis
. Septic bursitis 
. Abscess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Risk factor for direct inoculation of joint infection

A 
. Previous intraarticular injection 
. Prosthetic joint 
. Recent surgery 
. Arthrocentesis
. Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Risk factors for hematogenous spread in joint infection

A 
. DM
. HIV
. Bacteremia
. Immunosuppressive meds 
. IV drug abuse 
. OA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synovial fluid analysis

A

. Helpful to distinguish crystal arthropathy from infectious arthritis
. Synovial fluid sent for WBC count (usually over 50,000 per mm3)
. Isolation of causative agent of sepsis is essential for selecting antibiotic therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arthalgia

A

. Joint pain

. Discomfort form w/in or surrounding joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What to inspect for in musculoskeletal examination

A

. Joint symmetry, alignment, or bony deformities
. Surrounding tissues for skin changes, nodules, muscle atrophy, or crepitus
. Assess any degenerative or inflammatory changes, especially swelling, warmth, tenderness, or redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psoas syndrome

A

. Muscular strain, spasm, or flexion contracture
. Caused from being in position that allows prolonged shortening of psoas following sudden lengthening (desk work, road trip, trauma)
. Stooped posture, back/butt pain
. Tests: pos. Thomas test, non-neutral upper lumbar somatic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Trendelenberg sign

A

. Weak abductor

. Could be caused by bone length, position (internal/externally rotated), gross deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iliac crest anatomical landmark

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pubic tubercle anatomical landmark

A

. Find greater trochanter then move thumbs medially at same level as trochanter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antalgic

A

. Shortened stance phrase on affected side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Important bony structure to palpate on lower extremity exam

A

. Joint line
. Paella
. Tibial tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Soft tissue structures to palpate in lower extremity exam

A 
. Pes anserine bursa
. Patellar tendon
. Quad tendon
. Iliotibial band
. Collateral ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Patellar tendon tear results from ___

A

. Direct impact from a fall/blow and jumping
. Patellar tendinitis
. Chronic disease
. Steroid use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Patellar tendon tear symptoms

A 
. Tearing/popping sound
. Pain, swelling
. Unable to straighten knee
. Indentation where tendon tore 
. Displacement of patella 
. Difficulty walking due to knee buckling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ankle sprain

A

. Inversion sprains 75% of the time
. Occur in plantar flexion most of the time (dec. ankle stability because ant. Aspect of talus is no longer wedged btw malleoli increasing mobility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spine

A

. Central supporting structure of trunk and back
. Can cave curves of cervical spine and lumbar spine
. Convex curves of thoracic and sarcococcygeal spine
. Help to distribute body weight to pelvis and lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cervical lordosis

A

Abnormal straightening of the concavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thoracic hyperkyphosis

A

Hyper-convexity of thoracic curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lumbar hyperlordosis

A

Hyper-concavity of lumbar curvature

24
Q

Spine ROM and muscles that caus it

A

. Muscles: psoas, quad lumborum, internal and external obliques, abs
. As flexion proceeds, lumbar concavity flattens
. Fl/extension, side Bending, rotation

25
Q

Muscles in charge of spine extension

A

. Erector spinae and transversospinalis mm.

. Dec/ mobility common in OA and other inflammatory processes

26
Q

Muscles in charge of sidebending and rotation

A

. Combo of flexion and extension muscle groups

27
Q

Stance

A

. When foot is on ground and bears weight 960% walking cycle)
. Hip problems appear during this phase

28
Q

Swing

A

. When foot moves forward and doesn’t bear weight (40% walk cycle)

29
Q

Width of the base when walking

A

. 2-4 inches heel to toe

30
Q

Hip

A

. Ball and socket
. High strength and stability
. Essential for weight bearing
. Rounded femur head articulates w/ cup-like cavity of acetabulum
. Muscles crossing joint and inserting below femoral head provide leverage for femur movement

31
Q

FABER test

A

. Evaluates hip and SI joint
. Pos: post. Pain in SI joint, lumbar spine, or hip
. Groin pain w/ this is sensitive for intra-articular pathology

32
Q

Hamstrings motions

A

. Flexors of knee joint

. Extensors of hip joint

33
Q

Seven structure of knee important to examine

A

. Med. and lat. menisci
. Med., lat., ant., and post. Collateral ligaments
. Patellar tendon

34
Q

Bursas of the knee

A

. Suprapatellar
. Prepatellar (beneath patella)
. Infrapatellar
. Pes anserine (on med. side at distal attachment of med. collateral ligament)

35
Q

Baker’s cyst

A

. Large accumulation of fluid in popliteal fold (behind knee joint)

36
Q

Bulge sign

A

. Test for knee joint effusions
. Milk patella and fluid downward
. Apply med. pressure.
. Tap and watch for fluid wave

37
Q

Allotment of patella

A

. Compress suprapatellar pouch and push patella sharply against femur
. Palpable fluid wave returning into pouch is pos. For major effusion

38
Q

Patellar grind test

A

. Pt supine w/ knees extended and relaxed
. Apply downward force onto patella and move in all directions
. Pos if pain and/or crepitus

39
Q

Valgus

A

. Distal part deviated more lateral from midline

40
Q

Varus

A

Distal part deviated for med. from midline

41
Q

Valgus stress test

A

. Tests MCL
. Pt supine, grip ankle w/ one hand and put other hand on lat. aspect on knee
. Apply valgus force
. Pos: joint laxity in medial aspect

42
Q

Varus stress test

A

. tests LCL
. Pt supine, grip ankle w/ other hand on med. aspect of knee
. Apply varus force
. Pos: joint laxity in lat. aspect

43
Q

Mcmurray’s for lat. meniscus

A

. Start with knee flexed
. Internally rotate for and apply varus stress at knee
. Slowly extend knee
. Pos: click at joint or tenderness along joint line in lat. aspect

44
Q

McMurray for med. meniscus

A

. Pt. Supine w/ knee flexed
. Externally rotate foot and apply valgus stress at knee
. Slowly extend knee
. pos: clicking or tenderness at med. joint line

45
Q

Ant. And post. Drawer test

A

. Knee bent
. Fingers behind knee, thumbs on tibial plateau
. Either pull tibia ant. Or push post.
. Pos: laxity in a direction compared w/ opposite knee

46
Q

Lachman test

A

. Knee bent
. Grab calf w/ dominant hand, thumb over ant. Joint line
. Other hand stabilizes distal femur
. Pull tibia ant. In sudden firm motion
. Pos: laxity (>6-8mm shift) compared w/ opposite knee

47
Q

Sag sign

A

. Injury to PCL causes inc. post. Knee laxity

. Drop back in pos. Direction upon femur

48
Q

Accessory motions of foot

A

. Side-to-side glide
. Rotation
. Ab/duction
. Only occur when joint is in plantar flexion

49
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch of ankle

A

. Firm osteoid structure
. Formed by calcaneous, cuboid, and 4th-5th metatarsals
. Limited mobility and built to transmit weight

50
Q

Medial longitudinal arch of ankle

A

. Higher and more mobile (calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuneiform, and 1st 3 metatarsals)
. No firm osseous support
. Can be inc. or reduced to meet needs of motion and terrain

51
Q

Medial ligaments of ankle

A

. Deltoid ligament: fans out from med. malleolus to talus and prox. Tarsal bones
. Protects against stress from eversion

52
Q

Lateral ankle ligaments

A

. ATF
. Calcaneofibular ligament
. Post. Talofibular ligament
. Protects against stress from inversion

53
Q

Thompson test

A

. For Achilles rupture
. Have patient get up on knees w/ feet hanging off table
. Squeeze gastroc and soleus
. Plantarflexion should occur, if not Achilles is ruptured

54
Q

Diagnostic tests for lower extremity injuries

A

. Labs: CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation ate
. Radiography: suspect fracture/dislocation
. MRI for soft tissue issues
. Ultrasound: bursitis, joint effusion, image guided injections
. Arthrocentesis: joint fluid looks at for cell count, glucose and protein, bacterial culture, and crystals

55
Q

Salter-Harris fractures

A

/ pediatric fractures involving growth plate
. S: straight across (type I): complete break
. A: above (type II): break above physis and prox. Through metaphysis
. L: (III): break through physis and distally through epiphysis
. TE: (IV): break through everything
. R: cRush injury

PSP (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions