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PSP > Intro To Lab Tests > Flashcards

Intro To Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What are indications for ordering specific lab tests?

A

. Screening
. Confirm presence of suspected diagnosis
. Monitor disease progression
. Determine treatment
. Follow guidelines by governing board/hospital/ drug manufacturer
. Patient, parent, peer, sub specialist request

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2
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

. Evaluates WBC, RBC, platelets

. Gives info about cell type (number, size, shape)

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3
Q

When are WBCs important to look at?

A

Diagnosing infections, leukemia

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4
Q

When are Hgb/Hct important to look at?

A

Anemia

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5
Q

When are RBC important to look at?

A

Anemia

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6
Q

When are platelets/ PT/INR important to look at?

A

Bleeding disorders

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7
Q

Patient symptoms/physical exam findings to learn to ordering CBC

A

. Fatigue, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, unusual bruising, rectal bleeding, light-headedness
. Suspected infection, polycythemia

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8
Q

Normal adult lab Na value

A

135-145 (mEq/L)

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9
Q

Normal adult lab Cl value

A

97-107 (mEg/L)

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10
Q

Normal adult lab BUN value

A

8-21 (mg/dL)

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11
Q

Normal adult lab Glu value

A

70-100 (mg/dl)

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12
Q

Normal adult lab k value

A

3.5-5.0 (mEq/L)

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13
Q

Normal adult lab CO2 value

A

22-26 (mEq/L)

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14
Q

Normal adult lab Creat value

A

0.6-1.2 (mg/dL)

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15
Q

Normal adult lab WBC value

A

4.5-11 (x10E3/uL)

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16
Q

Normal adult lab Hgb value

A

12.0-17.5 (g/dL)

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17
Q

Normal adult lab Hct value

A

34-52 (%)

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18
Q

Normal adult lab Plt value

A

150-450 (x10E3/uL)

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19
Q

Normal adult lab PT value

A

10-13

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20
Q

Normal adult lab PTT value

A

25-35

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21
Q

Normal adult lab INR value

A

0.8-1.2

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22
Q

When would you order CBC/ hemoglobin and hematocrit (H and H)

A 
. Anemia
. Fatigue
. Easy bruising or bleeding
. Suspected infection
. Polycythemia
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23
Q

What does a basic metabolic panel (BMP) tell you?

A

. Give info about electrolytes (Na, K, CL)
. Blood sugar
. Kidney function
. Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

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24
Q

What symptoms prompt ordering a BMP?

A

Light-headedness, fatigue, palpitations, swelling of arms and legs

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25
Q

What does a comprehensive metabolic panel (COMP) tell you about?

A

Electrolytes, blood sugar, kidney function, Ca, Liver enzymes (AST/ALT), total bilirubin

26
Q

what is COMP useful for diagnosing?

A

Diabetes, electrolyte disorders, kidney dysfunction, liver disorders

27
Q

Symptoms/physical findings that prompt COMP

A

Light-headedness, fatigue, palpitations, swelling in limbs, jaundice

28
Q

WHen would you order BMP or COMP?

A 
. Dehydration
. Electrolyte abnormality
. Altered mental status
. arrhythmia
. Abnormal Ca or Mg levels 
. Abnormal urine output
29
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

. Hgb converts to A1C form in presence of glucose

30
Q

What does hemoglobin A1C tell you?

A

Estimate of average blood sugar over last 90-120 days

31
Q

What is Hemoglobin A1C used for?

A

Screening test to diagnose diabetes or to evaluate diabetes control

32
Q

Symptoms that would prompt HA1C test

A

Fatigue, vision changes, weight gain, inc. urination, inc. thirst, inc. BMI

33
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms

A 
. Fatigue
. Memory loss/brain fog
. Depression/mood swings
. Hearing loss
. Weight gain
. Broken sleep
. Brittle nails 
. Joint pain
. Hair loss
. Constipation
. Intolerance to cold
. heavy periods 
. Numbness/tingling in extremities
34
Q

Hypothyroidism signs

A 
. Sparse eyebrows
. Face swelling
. Rapid HR w/ weak force contraction
. Slow thinking
. Slow pulse
. Sluggish movement
. Unexplained weight gain
35
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A 
. Exophthalmos 
. Nervousness
. Insomnia 
. Itching
. Palpitations
. Poop shoots
. Heat intolerance
. Light periods
36
Q

Hyperthyroidism signs

A 
. Warm skin
. Vomiting
. Goiter
. Skin flushing 
. High BP
. Weight loss
. Muscle weakness
. Breast development in men
37
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

. Produced by pituitary

38
Q

What does measuring TSH do?

A

. Evaluates functional state of thyroid

. Diagnoses thyroid disease or used to monitor thyroid disease therapy

39
Q

Symptoms to warrant testing TSH levels

A

Fatigue, hyperactivity, insomnia, heart palpitations, high cholesterol, excessive sweating, depression, anxiety, enlarged/tender thyroid, bulging eyeballs, nail changes, irregular menses

40
Q

What does lipid panel do?

A

. Analyzes total cholesterol, LDL (bad), HDL (good), triglycerides
. Screens for lipid disorders, assess MI/stroke risk

41
Q

Symptoms to warrant lipid panel

A

Chest pain, skin changes from high cholesterol (xanthoma), EKG abnormalities, dec. limb circulation

42
Q

Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR)

A

. Evaluates clotting ability

. Uses vein puncture or finger stick

43
Q

What situation/symptoms is PT/INR ordered

A

. Before surgery to verify normal clotting, monitor clot treatment, evaluate liver function
. Symptoms: easy bruising, unusual bleeding, jaundice, dark colored urine, light colored stool

44
Q

Urinalysis (UA)

A

. Analyzes urine chemically to look for evidence of bleeding, infections, sugar, protein
. Microscopic test for crystals

45
Q

What is urinalysis used to diagnose?

A

UTI, hematuria, nephrolithiasis pregnancy screening

46
Q

Symptoms/physical findings to prompt urinalysis

A 
. Painful urination
. Inc. urine freq. 
. Fever
. Visible blood in urine
. Mental status changes
. Flank tenderness (Lloyd’s sign)
47
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

48
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Kidney stones

49
Q

What are urine results measured against and what are the normal values?

A

Specific gravity, urine (1.005-1.029)

50
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatic assays (GC and chlamydia PCR)

A

. Urine tests that detect presence of gonorrhea or chlamydia DNA
. Diagnoses genitourinary tract infections

51
Q

Symptoms to prompt GC and Chlamydia PCR

A

Pain with urination, vaginal discharge, penile discharge

52
Q

Urine human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy test, UCG)

A

. Detects UCG to diagnose pregnancy

. Confirm home test accuracy

53
Q

Symptoms to prompt UCG test

A

. Irregular/missed periods

. Screening before surgery or radiologic procedures

54
Q

Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus (rapid strep)

A

. Oropharnyx swabbed to detect strep nuclei acid

55
Q

Symptoms to prompt rapid strep

A

. Sore throat, redness, pus in throat

56
Q

Rapid influenza test

A

. Nasopharynx swabbed, secretion analyzed for flu virus antigens
. Diagnoses A or B flu

57
Q

Symptoms to prompt rapid influenza test

A

Fever, fatigue, body aches, cough, sore throat

58
Q

Types of cultures

A

Wound, urine, sputum, blood (blood and sputum only in hospital setting)

59
Q

What is done in a culture?

A

. Fluids analyzed for presence of microbes

. Diagnoses infection in respective fluid

60
Q

Symptoms to prompt culture

A

Fever, chills, pain w/ urination, generalized weakness, skin abscess

61
Q

What is at stake as to why it is important to be accurate with reporting and documenting lab tests?

A 
. Correct patient
. Appropriate treatment
. Accuracy and validity of test
. Medical-legal document
. Physician license and reputation
. School/university/office/hospital/community

PSP (35 decks)

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