Adolescents Flashcards
Social and environmental factors that affect children’s development from 1-4 y/o
. Chronic illness
. Hold abuse
. Poverty
Physical development of kids 1-4 y/o
. Rate of physical growth slows by 1/2
. After 2, toddlers gain 2-3 kg/year and grow 5 cm/year becoming leaner and more muscular
. Walk by 15 mo
. Run well by 2 yrs
. Pedal a tricycle and jump by 4 yrs
. fine motor skills through neurologic maturation and environmental manipulation
. 18 mo old scribbles
. 2 y/o draws lines
. 3 y/o jumps in place, balances on 1 foot
. 4 y/o who makes circles
. 5 y/o skips, balances well
Cognitive and language development in 1-4 y/o
. Toddlers move from sensorimotor learning (touching and looking) to symbolic thinking, solving simple problems, remembering songs and engaging in imitative play . 18 mo has 10-20 words . 2 y/o can do 3 word sentences . 3 y/o ca converse well . 4 y/o can form complex sentences . 5 y/o copies figures and defines words
Social and emotional development in 1-4 y/o
. Emerging drive for independence . Temper tantrums common from impulsive and poor self-regulation . 1 y/o: plays games . 2 y/o imitates . 3 y/o feeds self . 4 y/o imaginative, sings . 5 y/o dresses self and plays games
Physical development 5-10 y/o
. Children grow steadily but more slowly
. Strength and coordination improve dramatically w/ more participation in activities
. Children become more aware of limitations due to their physical disabilities and chronic illnesses
Cognitive and language development 5-10 y/o
. More capable of limited logic and more complex learning (concrete operational)
. Remain rooted in the present w/ little ability to understand consequences or abstractions
. School, family, and environment greatly influence learning
. Ability to thrive in different situations
. Language increasingly complex
Social and emotional development 5-10 y/o
. More independent, initiating activities and enjoying accomplishments
. Self esteem critical
. Develop a fit w/in major social structures
. Guilt and poor self esteem may also emerge
. More development remains simple, but there is concrete sense of right and wrong
How to examine younger (1-4) children
. Patience, distraction, play, flexibility, caring but firm and gentle approach
. Examine on parent’s lap, try to be eye level
. Examine child’s toy and then child
. Let child do some of examination (move stethoscope)
. Engage child
Examining older child (5-10 y/o)
. Provide gowns and leaving undies in place as long as possible
. Parents should stay in room but have opposite=sex siblings leave
How to establish rapport
. Greet each person in room, . Refer to kid by name . Address parents as Mr and Mrs . Eye contact at their level . Participate in playful engagement
How to work with families
. Start questions w/ kid, simple, open-ended
. Parents verify info
. When child is embarrassed begin convo w/ parents but direct questions back to child eventually
.
How to do health promotion w/. Children
. Offer age appropriate guidance
. Advise about upcoming developmental changes
. Integrate explanation of clinical findings w/ health promotion
. Review immunizations and anticipated vaccines for next visit
Screening procedures for children
. Bp after age 3
. BMI after age 2
. Annual vision and hearing screenings
. Lead levels in high risk patients
What is the critical age for preventing childhood obesity?
Age 1-4
Health promotion for 1-4 y/o
. Visits at 12, 14, 18, 24,30, and annually at 3 and 4 y/o
. Address parents concern, evaluate child’s growth and development
. Perform comprehensive physical exam
. Provide anticipatory guidance about healthy habits and behaviors
Health promotion for 5-10y/o
. Health visit annually
. Address parent concerns, evaluate growth and development
. Focus on healthy habits (good nutrition, exercise, reading, health sleep hygiene, screen time)
. 12-20% kids in this age range have some type of harmonic physical, developmental, or mental condition
