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Yr1 HS1023 > Musculo-skeletal System > Flashcards

Musculo-skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up ?

A

Muscle System
Skeletal System

Bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints and other connective tissue.

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2
Q

What are 4 functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

To provide:

Form
Support
Stability
Movement to the body

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3
Q

What are bones?

A

Organs

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4
Q

What are 5 functions of bones?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • formation of blood cells in red bone marrow connect tissue
  • Storage of mineral and energy reserves
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5
Q

What are 2 functions of calcium

A

Calcium helps muscle contraction and blood clotting

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6
Q

WHat happens when calcium or phosphate are needed?

A

Some bones connective tissue break down, and the minerals are released into the blood.

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7
Q

Where are lipids stores?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

What are the four classes of bones? Give examples for each

A
  • Long bones > greater in length than width. Upper limbs (forearm, palm and fingers) and lower limbs (thigh, sole of the foot and toes.
  • Short bones > length equal to their width. Carpals (wrist bones), patella (kneecap) and tarsals (bones in the foot)
  • Flat bones > flat, thin surfaces that are slightly curved. Scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone) and the ribs.
  • Irregular bones > complex shapes which do not fit into the other categories. The vertebra, ossa coxae (hip bones) and many bones in the skull.
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9
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow in adults?

A

When a child turns to an adult, the red bone marrow in a child’s long bones will covert the fatty substance of yellow bone marrow.

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10
Q

What is bone mostly up of?

A

Bone connective tissue

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11
Q

What is the difference between the acial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton > bones along the central axis of the body

Appendicular skeleton > bones of the upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

What is a joint?

A

Place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Synovial joint
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14
Q

What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Body movement
  • Maintenance and posture
  • Protection and support
  • Regulating elimination of materials
  • Heat production
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15
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or unvoluntary?

A

Voluntary

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16
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Long and thin, with multinucleated fibres cross with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines.
  • These skeletal muscle fibres are bound together by connective tissue, and they communicate with nerves and blood vessels.
  • Skeletal muscle is normally in pairs. Where there is one muscle (primary mover) there is another (antagonist)
17
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

18
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A
  • It is made from cardiac muscle cells
  • The cells are unicellular, and connect to one another through special intercalated discs.
  • It is arranged in sheets of cells, which connect to each other. Where two cells meet at a specialised junction, it is called an intercalated disc. They then get locked in place
  • They are organised in a sarcomeres (a bundle of protein fibres which respond to a signal and contract). Sarcomeres are inside myofibrils
19
Q

Where is cardiac muscle?

A

In the heart – It is the layer of muscle tissue between the endocardium and the epicardium

20
Q

WHat do the intercalated dics in cardiac muscle do?

A

Allows the cardiac muscle to quickly contract and relax, allowing blood to move quickly through the body

21
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

To contract and relax

22
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

23
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A
  • Has no cross strips visible under a microscopic magnification
  • Consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.
24
Q

How does smooth muscle contract?

A

Slowly and automatically

25
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Provides the supporting tissue of blood vessels and hollow internal organs such as the stomach, intestine and bladder

26
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

The smaller fibres in a muscle fibre

27
Q

What two filaments does myofibrils contrain? What are they?

A 
Actin filaments (thin protein filament)  
Myosin filaments (thick protein filament)
28
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

An actin-bind proteins which regulates muscle contraction

29
Q

What is troponin?

A

Complex proteins, attached to the tropomyosin

30
Q

What are 4 functions of muscles?

A

Movement
Maintenance of posture
Heat generation
Stabilise joints

31
Q

How many bones are their in the body?

A

206

32
Q

Where is new blood cells made?

A

Bone marrow

Yr1 HS1023 (18 decks)

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