Musculo-skeletal System Flashcards
What is the musculoskeletal system made up ?
Muscle System
Skeletal System
Bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints and other connective tissue.
What are 4 functions of the musculoskeletal system?
To provide:
Form
Support
Stability
Movement to the body
What are bones?
Organs
What are 5 functions of bones?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- formation of blood cells in red bone marrow connect tissue
- Storage of mineral and energy reserves
What are 2 functions of calcium
Calcium helps muscle contraction and blood clotting
WHat happens when calcium or phosphate are needed?
Some bones connective tissue break down, and the minerals are released into the blood.
Where are lipids stores?
Yellow bone marrow
What are the four classes of bones? Give examples for each
- Long bones > greater in length than width. Upper limbs (forearm, palm and fingers) and lower limbs (thigh, sole of the foot and toes.
- Short bones > length equal to their width. Carpals (wrist bones), patella (kneecap) and tarsals (bones in the foot)
- Flat bones > flat, thin surfaces that are slightly curved. Scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone) and the ribs.
- Irregular bones > complex shapes which do not fit into the other categories. The vertebra, ossa coxae (hip bones) and many bones in the skull.
Where is yellow bone marrow in adults?
When a child turns to an adult, the red bone marrow in a child’s long bones will covert the fatty substance of yellow bone marrow.
What is bone mostly up of?
Bone connective tissue
What is the difference between the acial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?
Axial skeleton > bones along the central axis of the body
Appendicular skeleton > bones of the upper and lower limbs
What is a joint?
Place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth
What are the 3 types of joints?
- Fibrous joint
- Cartilaginous joint
- Synovial joint
What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?
- Body movement
- Maintenance and posture
- Protection and support
- Regulating elimination of materials
- Heat production
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or unvoluntary?
Voluntary
What is the structure of skeletal muscle?
- Long and thin, with multinucleated fibres cross with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines.
- These skeletal muscle fibres are bound together by connective tissue, and they communicate with nerves and blood vessels.
- Skeletal muscle is normally in pairs. Where there is one muscle (primary mover) there is another (antagonist)
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the structure of cardiac muscle?
- It is made from cardiac muscle cells
- The cells are unicellular, and connect to one another through special intercalated discs.
- It is arranged in sheets of cells, which connect to each other. Where two cells meet at a specialised junction, it is called an intercalated disc. They then get locked in place
- They are organised in a sarcomeres (a bundle of protein fibres which respond to a signal and contract). Sarcomeres are inside myofibrils
Where is cardiac muscle?
In the heart – It is the layer of muscle tissue between the endocardium and the epicardium
WHat do the intercalated dics in cardiac muscle do?
Allows the cardiac muscle to quickly contract and relax, allowing blood to move quickly through the body
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
To contract and relax
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the structure of smooth muscle?
- Has no cross strips visible under a microscopic magnification
- Consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.
How does smooth muscle contract?
Slowly and automatically
