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flashcards > muscles of the neck and vertebral column > Flashcards

muscles of the neck and vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

head and trunk movements

A

head moved by muscles from axial skeleton

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2
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

prime mover of head flexion (forward)
muscles on one side do: head rotation to opposite side and head tilting to same side
deep to platysma
2 headed

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3
Q

scalenes

A

elevates first 2 ribs and flexes and rotates neck
helps with inspiration
deep to platysma and sternocleidomastoid and more lateral

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4
Q

splenius

A

head extension uses both sides and head rotation and tilting uses one side (same side)
innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerve
superficial
“bandage muscle” because broad
antagonoist of sternocleidomastoid

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5
Q

erector spinae

A

prime mover of back extension
resistance to bending forward, extensors return to erect position

3 columns: ILIOCOSTALIS, LONGISSIMUS, SPINALIS

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6
Q

semispinalis

A

extends vertebral column and head, rotation of head
synergist to sternocleidomastoid
deeper

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7
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

flex vertebral column laterally
maintain upright posture
jointly to extend lumbar spine and fix 12th rib

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8
Q

muscles of respiration:

A

cont…

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9
Q

external intercostals

A

pulls ribs together to ELEVATE rib cage
11 pairs between ribs
oblique
inferior of above rib to superior of below rib
(inspiration: 1st ribs fixed by scalene muscles)

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10
Q

internal intercostals

A

pulls ribs together to DEPRESS rib cage
11 pairs between ribs
perpendicular to external intercostals
(expiration: 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum)

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11
Q

diaphragm

A

prime mover of inspiration
flattens when inspiring increasing thoracic volume
dome-shaped when relaxed
floor of thoracic cavity

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12
Q

muscles of abdominal wall

A

trunk movements
FLEXION, support viscera, stabilize pelvis
4 paired muscles: their fasciae and aponeuroses form lateral and abdominal wall
fascicles run at angles to each other which adds strength
innervated by INTERCOSTALS

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13
Q

actions of abdominal muscles

A

lateral flexion and flexion of vertebral column
help with peeing, defacation (poo), birthing, vomiting, coughing, screaming

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14
Q

rectus abdominis

A

stabilize pelvis during walking
lumbar rotation, fix and depress ribs
medial, superficial

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15
Q

external oblique

A

flex vertebral column, rotation
increase abdominal pressure
largest, most superficial

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16
Q

internal oblique

A

flex vertebral column, rotation
deeper than external oblique

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17
Q

transverse abdominis

A

compresses abdominal contents
deepest

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18
Q

muscles of pelvic floor and perineum

A

cont…

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19
Q

levator ani

A

supports visceral organs and forms supportive sling at anorectal junction and vagina

resists downward increases in intra-abdominal pressure

part of the pelvic diaphragm

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20
Q

urogenital diaphragm

A

supports pelvic viscera and constricts urethra

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21
Q

coccygeus

A

supports pevlic viscera and coccyx
part of the pelvic diaphragm

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22
Q

muscles of the anterior thorax

A

join shoulder girdle to axial skeleton
arm movements
fix scapula (hold it in place so other things can move)

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23
Q

subclavius

A

stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

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24
Q

pectoralis minor

A

draws scapula forward and down

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25
Q

serratus anterior

A

holds scapula to chest wall

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26
Q

muscles of posterior thorax

A

superficial, stabilizes, raises, retracts, rotates scapula

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27
Q

levator scapulae

A

elevates and adducts scapula

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28
Q

rhomboids

A

scapula movements (squaring shoulders, rotation when lowering arm)
deep to trapezius

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29
Q

muscles crossing the shoulder joint

A

9, cross shoulder joint to insert on and move HUMERUS

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30
Q

the three prime movers of the arm and what they do:

A

pectoralis major
lattisimus dorsi
deltoid

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation of humerus

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31
Q

the four rotator cuff muscles and what they do:
(and the two additional synergists)

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

reinforce capsule of shoulder
synergists and fixators

synergists: coracobrachialis and teres major

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32
Q

muscles crossing the shoulder joint

A

movement of arm (humerus)

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33
Q

deltoid

A

prime mover of arm abduction
lateral and medial rotations, flexion or extensions if only some fibers used
thick, rounded site of intramuscular injections

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34
Q

pectoralis major

A

prime mover of arm flexion and adduction
medially rotates arm
climbing, throwing, pushing

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35
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

prime mover of arm extension and adduction
medially rotates arm at shoulder
broad, flat back muscle
rowing, swimming

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36
Q

synergist muscles

A

rotator cuff muscles
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis

teres major and coracobrachialis are not considered rotator cuff muscles (they are synergists)

37
Q

muscles crossing the elbow joint: anterior flexor muscles

A

cont.

38
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm
2 heads

39
Q

brachioradialis

A

synergist in forearm flexion
superficial

40
Q

brachialis

A

MAJOR FOREARM FLEXOR - strong
lifts ulna as biceps lift radius
immediately deep to biceps brachii

41
Q

muscles crossing the elbow joint: posterior extensor muscles

A

cont…

42
Q

triceps brachii

A

forearm extensor - powerful!
only muscle of posterior compartment of arm
stabilizes shoulder joint

43
Q

muscles of forearm

A

movement of hand, wrist, fingers + thumb, supination and pronation
divided into anterior and posterior parts:
- anterior = flexor (insert at flexor retinaculum)
- posterior = extensor (insert at extensor retinaculum)

44
Q

muscles of forearm: anterior compartment

A

cont…

45
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexor of wrist, adductor of hand
synergizes with extensor carpi ulnaris to stabilize wrist for finger extension

46
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

flexor of wrist, abductor of hand
diagonal

47
Q

palmaris longus

A

weak flexor of wrist
weak synergist for elbow flexion

48
Q

pronator teres

A

pronates
weak flexor of elbow

49
Q

flexor retinaculum

A

holds tendons in place

50
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
2 headed, deeper

51
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A

for thumb

52
Q

muscles of forearm: posterior compartment

A

cont…

53
Q

extensor digitorum

A

prime mover of finger extension
extends wrist, abducts fingers
separate tendon for each finger and separate muscles

54
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis

A

extends and abducts wrist

55
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

extends and adducts wrist

56
Q

extensor pollicis longus and brevis

A

extends thumb

57
Q

supinator

A

assists biceps brachii to supinate forearm
antagonist to pronator

58
Q

intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

small, weak muscles, lie entirely within palm of hand, control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers

59
Q

muscles of lower limb

A

cross hip and knee joints
movement of thigh and leg
stability, locomotion, posture

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

60
Q

anterior thigh muscles:

A

cont…

61
Q

iliopsoas

A

prime mover of hip
psoas major and iliacus

62
Q

sartorius

A

strap-like, longest muscle
flexes and laterally rotates thigh
weak knee flexor

63
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

rectus femoris - extends the knee, flexes the hip
vastus lateralis - extend the knee
vastus medialis - extend the knee
vastus intermedius - extend the knee

64
Q

medial muscles of the thigh

A

cont…

65
Q

pectinus

A

adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh

66
Q

adductors (magnus, longus, brevis)

A

adduct, flex, medially rotate thigh
eg. walking

67
Q

gracilis

A

adducts thigh, medially rotates leg (walking)

68
Q

posterior thigh muscles

A

cont…

69
Q

gluteus medius

A

abducts, medially rotates thigh, walking (injections)

70
Q

gluteus maximus

A

THIGH EXTENSOR - running, stairs
largest and most superficial butt muscle

71
Q

hamstrings

A

prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion
quad antagonists

-biceps femoris
-semitendinousus
-semimembranousus

72
Q

muscles of leg: ankle and tow dorsiflexion

A

cont…

73
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A

prime mover of toe extension
dorsiflexes foot

74
Q

tibialis anterior

A

prime mover of dorsiflexion
inverts foot

75
Q

extensor hallicus longus

A

extends great toe
dorsiflexes foot

76
Q

muscles of leg: lateral compartment

A

plantar flexion and eversion

77
Q

fibularis (peroneus)

A

fibularis longus
fibularis brevis - plantar flexes and everts foot

77
Q

fibularis (peroneus)

A

fibularis longus
fibularis brevis - plantar flexes and everts foot

78
Q

muscles of leg: posterior compartment

A

plantar flexion of the ankle

79
Q

gastrocnemius

A

plantar flex when knee extended
flex knee when dorsiflexed
2 heads

80
Q

soleus

A

plantar flexes amkle
deeper
walking, running, dancing

81
Q

calcaneal (Achilles tendon)

A

largest tendon in body
for gastrocnemius and soleus to insert into calcaneus of heel

82
Q

tibialis posterior

A

prime mover of foot inversion

83
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

plantar flexes and inverts the foot
flexes the toes

84
Q

flexor hallicus longus

A

plantar flexes and inverts the foot
flexes greater toe

85
Q

intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

complicated arrangement!
flex, extend, abduct and adduct toes
single muscle on foot’s dorsum and several of plantar aspect

86
Q

phases of walking: anterior compartment

A

muscles flex femur and extend knee - step forward
prime movers: iliopsoas, tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris
synergists: adductors, sartorius

87
Q

phases of walking: medial compartment

A

adduct thigh
abduct thigh: gluteus medius and minimus
both adduction and abduction important to place center of gravity over grounded limb
knee joint extensor: quads

88
Q

phases of walking : posterior compartment

A

muscles extend femur and flex knee
prime movers: gluteus maxiumus, hamstring (semitendinosus and biceps femoris)
knee joint flexor: hamstrings

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