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environmental challenges 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sound science

A

informed by THEORY and tries to further develop theory
systematic, replicable
sorting fact from fiction

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2
Q

scientific method

A

difficult to implement when looking at global-scale phenomena
how to run controlled tests

observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, test, results

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3
Q

2 different ways to test hypotheses

A

manipulative experiments (you are changing the temp in one of two environments)
natural/ correlational tests (the environment itself is different, e.x different latitudes)

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4
Q

challenges in environmental studies

A

scale and complexity of issue
timeframe of issue
bias, subjective values ignorance
creates controversy

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5
Q

scientific process also includes

A

PEER REVIEW, publication, debate

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6
Q

consistently support hypothesis =

A

theory (well tested and accepted explanation)

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7
Q

paradigm shift

A

change of thinking once we have enough data

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8
Q

junk science

A

poor data/explanations/theory
presenting only some results
misrepresentation of science

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9
Q

public policy

A

policy made by governments (laws, regulations, orders, incentives, practices)

promote common good
informed by science and due precaution

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10
Q

environmental ethics

A

application of ethical standards (moral principles or values) to relationships between human and non-human entities

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11
Q

where do we stand on the road to a sustainable future?

A

more…
AWARENESS but being threatened
SCIENCE but being cut
TECHNOLOGY + EFFICIENCY but less incentives
LOBBY GROUPS (ENGOS) but muzzled
POLITICAL INTEREST sometimes

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12
Q

ethical perspectives

A

ecocentric - whole planet
biocentric - living things
anthropocentric - people
egocentric - one person

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13
Q

the enlightenment (Europe) 16th-18th century

A

humans separate from nature
science becomes distinct from religious theory
Galileo, Descartes, Newton

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14
Q

19th century

A

humans a part of nature
science breaks from creationism
humans evolved from non-human ancestors (Darwin, Agassiz)
population numbers is governed by food supply

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15
Q

environmental determinism

A

racial stereotypes and cultures are a direct result of environmental conditions

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16
Q

possibilism

A

environment sets limitations, but culture is determined by social conditions

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17
Q

preservation ethic

A

rapid European settlement of North America
- large scale deforestation
- bison gone
- Indigenous people gone
TRANSCENDENTALISM - nature is a direct manifestation of the divine
areas must be set aside, no development occurs
Wilderness Society, Sierra Club

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18
Q

preservation ethic: Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862

A

part of transcendentalist movement
preserve nature for its own sake!

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19
Q

preservation ethic: John Muir 1883-1914

A

god cannot save environment from fools

20
Q

conservation ethic

A

European settlement in North America complete

nature must be protected for human use!
Wilfred Laurier and Roosevelt make conservation a policy issue
Ducks unlimited, Safari club, Audubon society

21
Q

reform ethic (after WWII)

A

exponential increase in environmental awareness
new understanding + growing problems = new concerns and action
public action
Greenpeace, WWF, Friends on Earth

22
Q

reform ethic: Rachel Carson

A

fought against widespread aerial spraying on DDT to control fire ants

declines in birds = from pesticide use

got personal attacks from petrochemical industry

23
Q

recent environmental actions, movements, entities

A

greenbelt movement!
climate action
anti-whaling action
anti-logging action
anti-pipeline action
green party

24
Q

greenbelt movement (women)

A

planted 40 million trees
reduced soil erosion
restored and protected biodiversity
assert women’s rights and their healthier lives

25
Q

environmental activism - defenders

A

defend their own area against harmful impacts on environment

26
Q

economies

A

receive input (resources) from environment

27
Q

ecosystem services

A

support life that makes economic activities possible (soil fermentation, pollination, etc)

28
Q

ecosystem capital

A

goods and services we get from natural environment

29
Q

EXTERNALITY

A

cost borne by someone not involved in the transaction
(factory saving money by putting waste into water instead of disposing properly, someone else has to pay to clean it up)

30
Q

neoclassical economics assumptions

A

resources are infinite or substitutable
costs and benefits are internal
long term effects are discounted
GROWTH PARADIGM - bigger is better, growth must be maintained

31
Q

problem with growth paradigm

A

continued growth is unsustainable (there is not enough for all of us)

32
Q

solution for growth paradigm

A

steady-state economy
doesn’t grow or shrink, mirrors natural systems
measuring progress with GDP to GDI

33
Q

GDP

A

total monetary value of goods and services produced

34
Q

GPI

A

differentiates between desirable and undesirable economic activity (subtract negative impacts)

35
Q

problem with solution for growth paradigm

A

profits will decrease so costs will increase in the short term

36
Q

policy

A

set of plans and principles to address problems and guide decisions

37
Q

public policy

A

policy made by governments (laws, regulations, orders, incentives, practices)

38
Q

environmental policy

A

policies for human interactions with the environment (ex. fishing license)

39
Q

factors that allowed advances in environmental policy in the past

A

evidence
visualization
ripe political climate
willingness to pay

40
Q

inputs in decision making

A

science, aboriginal, citizenry, private sector –> government –> policy –> solutions

41
Q

approaches to environmental policy

A

command-and-control (most common)
permit trading/ emissions trading systems (gvmt sets rules, go above means you pay)
subsidies (funds)
ecolabelling (label where product comes from and other important things)
etc…

42
Q

state of the environment reporting (SOER)

A

collection, organization, and reporting of information that can be used to measure and monitor changes in the environment

43
Q

indicators

A

values that can be measured and in comparison to which changes can be assessed

44
Q

five key questions of SOER and the categories they test for

A
  • what is happening in environment
  • why is it happening
  • why is it significant
  • what is being done about it
  • is this response sustainable

5 categories they test for
- air
-climate
-land
-forest
-water

45
Q

Canadian environmental policies are influenced by…

A

our neighbours the US!! (has been positive and negative)
- trading
- sharing resources
-economically competitive

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